methylation pattern upon stress exposure, similarly one DNA methylated gene
having conversion potential from dormant to active by methylation has been identified in bin almonds (Prudencio et al. 2018).
(a) Adaptation through breeding approaches
I. Selection methodology
Natural selection of a particular variety of fruit crop depends on long-term natural
selection based on variations evolved with time. To induce or to find the most
promising genotype suitable for particular ecological conditions, it needs to be
selected based on early screening of a large set of rootstocks or available germplasm
by imposing available artificial selection pressure. By screening of a set of germplasm in a variety of environments, although the concerned breeding target is for a
particular ecological condition, the most widely accepted and stable genotype and its
potential can be exploited by using the selected genotype. Selection of resistant
cultivars based on various abiotic stresses can provide wide protection to variable
climate change. Deeper-rooting genotypes are selected for drought tolerance, as in
banana, which explains a considerable variation (Uga et al. 2013). In a collaborative
approach involving 1576 varieties of grapevine including landraces, wild accessions
originating from various countries were genotyped using an Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, which resulted in classification of genotypes in
groups and identified one set with domestication traits most appropriate for developing a variety under climate change (Micheletti et al. 2015).
II. Maintenance of genetic resources
In past decades our most important target was to maintain genetic variations for
the future to cope with unpredicted climatic variation. Continuous use of similar
rootstocks or genotypes retains the common background and ultimately makes
plants vulnerable to various environmental threats. Without duplicating the genetic
stock, minimizing duplication using molecular markers can be a viable option for
maintaining future genetic stock.
III. Natural variations
A great diversity of fruit crops is present in tropical areas, about 2700 species
including commercially grown and exploited fruit crops (Paull and Duarte 2011).
One potential area for climate-resilient variety development in recent times are
induced alleles by irradiation, propagating material and maintaining a large set of
variation followed by selection of desirable stocks. Major breeding strategies under
low-cost investment utilize exploitation of the available primary gene pool to wild
accessions: phenotyping based on climate-smart traits such as flowering, vigour,
maturity, response of genotypes to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature, and
maintaining frequent changes including wild sources and assembling various genetic
loci within the same potential background is needed.
90
T. Sarkar et al.
having conversion potential from dormant to active by methylation has been identified in bin almonds (Prudencio et al. 2018).
(a) Adaptation through breeding approaches
I. Selection methodology
Natural selection of a particular variety of fruit crop depends on long-term natural
selection based on variations evolved with time. To induce or to find the most
promising genotype suitable for particular ecological conditions, it needs to be
selected based on early screening of a large set of rootstocks or available germplasm
by imposing available artificial selection pressure. By screening of a set of germplasm in a variety of environments, although the concerned breeding target is for a
particular ecological condition, the most widely accepted and stable genotype and its
potential can be exploited by using the selected genotype. Selection of resistant
cultivars based on various abiotic stresses can provide wide protection to variable
climate change. Deeper-rooting genotypes are selected for drought tolerance, as in
banana, which explains a considerable variation (Uga et al. 2013). In a collaborative
approach involving 1576 varieties of grapevine including landraces, wild accessions
originating from various countries were genotyped using an Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, which resulted in classification of genotypes in
groups and identified one set with domestication traits most appropriate for developing a variety under climate change (Micheletti et al. 2015).
II. Maintenance of genetic resources
In past decades our most important target was to maintain genetic variations for
the future to cope with unpredicted climatic variation. Continuous use of similar
rootstocks or genotypes retains the common background and ultimately makes
plants vulnerable to various environmental threats. Without duplicating the genetic
stock, minimizing duplication using molecular markers can be a viable option for
maintaining future genetic stock.
III. Natural variations
A great diversity of fruit crops is present in tropical areas, about 2700 species
including commercially grown and exploited fruit crops (Paull and Duarte 2011).
One potential area for climate-resilient variety development in recent times are
induced alleles by irradiation, propagating material and maintaining a large set of
variation followed by selection of desirable stocks. Major breeding strategies under
low-cost investment utilize exploitation of the available primary gene pool to wild
accessions: phenotyping based on climate-smart traits such as flowering, vigour,
maturity, response of genotypes to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature, and
maintaining frequent changes including wild sources and assembling various genetic
loci within the same potential background is needed.
90
T. Sarkar et al.