Matsumoto N, Tajimi A (1990) Continuous variation within isolates of Typhula ishikariensis
biotypes B and C associated with habitat differences. Can J Bot 68:1768–1773
Maxwell DP, Williams PH, Maxwell MD (1970) Microbodies and lipid bodies in the hyphal tips of
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can J Bot 48:1689–1691
Meier S, Robarge WP, Bruck RI, Grand LF (1989) Effects of simulated rain acidity on
ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings potted in natural soil. Environ Pollut 59:315–324
Miller SL, Torres P, McClean TM (1994) Persistence of basidiospores and sclerotia of
ectomycorrhizal fungi and Morchella in soil. Mycologia 81:89–95
Moore AEP, Ashford AE, Peterson RL (1991) Reserve substances in Paxillus involutus sclerotia
determination by histochemistry and X-ray microanalysis. Protoplasma 163:67–81
Naiki T, Ui T (1969) On the survival of the sclerotia of Rhizoctonia Solan i Kühn in soil. Bull Fac
Agric Hokkaido Univ 6:430–436. (In Japanese with English abstract)
Naiki T, Ui T (1975) Ultrastructure of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia Solan i Kühn invaded and decayed
by soil microorganisms. Soil Biol Biochem 7:301–304
Naiki T, Ui T (1977) Population and distribution of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in sugar
beet field soil. Soil Biol Biochem 9:377–381
Nakasone KK, Pereson WS, Jong C-S (2004) Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures. In:
Mueller GM, Bills FG, Foster SM (eds) Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring
methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 37–47
Nanjo M, Kanno H (2018) Inorganic constituents in soil. In: Basics and visuals. Springer Open
Access, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1214-4
Obase K, Lee JK, Lee SY, Chun KW (2011) Diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal
fungi in Pinus thunbergii coastal forests in the eastern region of Korea. Mycoscience
52:383–391
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2014) Culturable fungal assemblages growing
within Cenococcum sclerotia in forest soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90:708–717
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2016) Revisiting phylogenetic diversity and cryptic
species of Cenococcum geophilum sensu lato. Mycorrhiza 26:529–540
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2017) Progress and challenges in understanding the
biology, diversity, and biogeography of Cenococcum geophilum. In: Biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Springer, Cham, pp 299–317
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2018) Isolation source matters: sclerotia and
ectomycorrhizal roots provide different views of genetic diversity in Cenococcum geophilum.
Mycologia 110:473–481
Panaccione DG, Sheets NL, Miller SP, Cumming JR (2001) Diversity of Cenococcum geophilum
isolates from serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Mycologia 93:645–652
Pinter N, Scott AC, Daulton TL, Podoll A, Koeberl C, Anderson RS, Ishman SE (2011) The
younger Dryas impact hypothesis: a requiem. Earth Sci Rev 106:247–264
Retallack GJ (1990) Soils of the past—an introduction to paleopedology. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, p 520
Saito I (1977) Studies on the maturation and germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia scletotiorum
(lib.) de Bary, a causal fungus of bean stem rot. In: Report of Hokkaido Prefectural Agricultural
Experiment Station, vol 26, pp 1–106. (in Japanese and English summary)
Scheidegger C, Brunner I (1995) Electron microscopy of ectomycorrhiza: methods, applications,
and findings. In: Varma A, Hock B (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 205–228
Scott AC, Pinter N, Collinson ME, Hardiman M, Anderson RS, Brain AP, Smith SY, Marone F,
Stampanoni M (2010) Fungus, not comet or catastrophe, accounts for carbonaceous spherules in
the younger Dryas “impact layer”. Geophys Res Lett 37:L14302
Shaw CG, Sidle RC (1982) Evaluation of planting sites common to a Southeast Alaska clear-cut. II
Available inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Can J Bot 73:
S760–S767
14
M. Watanabe et al.
biotypes B and C associated with habitat differences. Can J Bot 68:1768–1773
Maxwell DP, Williams PH, Maxwell MD (1970) Microbodies and lipid bodies in the hyphal tips of
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can J Bot 48:1689–1691
Meier S, Robarge WP, Bruck RI, Grand LF (1989) Effects of simulated rain acidity on
ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings potted in natural soil. Environ Pollut 59:315–324
Miller SL, Torres P, McClean TM (1994) Persistence of basidiospores and sclerotia of
ectomycorrhizal fungi and Morchella in soil. Mycologia 81:89–95
Moore AEP, Ashford AE, Peterson RL (1991) Reserve substances in Paxillus involutus sclerotia
determination by histochemistry and X-ray microanalysis. Protoplasma 163:67–81
Naiki T, Ui T (1969) On the survival of the sclerotia of Rhizoctonia Solan i Kühn in soil. Bull Fac
Agric Hokkaido Univ 6:430–436. (In Japanese with English abstract)
Naiki T, Ui T (1975) Ultrastructure of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia Solan i Kühn invaded and decayed
by soil microorganisms. Soil Biol Biochem 7:301–304
Naiki T, Ui T (1977) Population and distribution of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in sugar
beet field soil. Soil Biol Biochem 9:377–381
Nakasone KK, Pereson WS, Jong C-S (2004) Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures. In:
Mueller GM, Bills FG, Foster SM (eds) Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring
methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 37–47
Nanjo M, Kanno H (2018) Inorganic constituents in soil. In: Basics and visuals. Springer Open
Access, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1214-4
Obase K, Lee JK, Lee SY, Chun KW (2011) Diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal
fungi in Pinus thunbergii coastal forests in the eastern region of Korea. Mycoscience
52:383–391
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2014) Culturable fungal assemblages growing
within Cenococcum sclerotia in forest soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90:708–717
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2016) Revisiting phylogenetic diversity and cryptic
species of Cenococcum geophilum sensu lato. Mycorrhiza 26:529–540
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2017) Progress and challenges in understanding the
biology, diversity, and biogeography of Cenococcum geophilum. In: Biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Springer, Cham, pp 299–317
Obase K, Douhan GW, Matsuda Y, Smith ME (2018) Isolation source matters: sclerotia and
ectomycorrhizal roots provide different views of genetic diversity in Cenococcum geophilum.
Mycologia 110:473–481
Panaccione DG, Sheets NL, Miller SP, Cumming JR (2001) Diversity of Cenococcum geophilum
isolates from serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Mycologia 93:645–652
Pinter N, Scott AC, Daulton TL, Podoll A, Koeberl C, Anderson RS, Ishman SE (2011) The
younger Dryas impact hypothesis: a requiem. Earth Sci Rev 106:247–264
Retallack GJ (1990) Soils of the past—an introduction to paleopedology. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, p 520
Saito I (1977) Studies on the maturation and germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia scletotiorum
(lib.) de Bary, a causal fungus of bean stem rot. In: Report of Hokkaido Prefectural Agricultural
Experiment Station, vol 26, pp 1–106. (in Japanese and English summary)
Scheidegger C, Brunner I (1995) Electron microscopy of ectomycorrhiza: methods, applications,
and findings. In: Varma A, Hock B (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 205–228
Scott AC, Pinter N, Collinson ME, Hardiman M, Anderson RS, Brain AP, Smith SY, Marone F,
Stampanoni M (2010) Fungus, not comet or catastrophe, accounts for carbonaceous spherules in
the younger Dryas “impact layer”. Geophys Res Lett 37:L14302
Shaw CG, Sidle RC (1982) Evaluation of planting sites common to a Southeast Alaska clear-cut. II
Available inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Can J Bot 73:
S760–S767
14
M. Watanabe et al.