Smith ME, Douhan GW, Rizzo DM (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric
Quercus woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. New
Phytol 174:847–863
Smith ME, Henkel TW, Rollins JA (2015) How many fungi make sclerotia? Fungal Ecol
13:211–220
Soil Science Division Staff (2017) Soil survey manual. In: Ditzler C, Scheffe K, Monger HC (eds)
USDA handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. https://www.nrcs.usda.
gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid¼nrcs142p2_054253#concentrations
Spatafora JW, Owensby CA, Douhan GW, Boehm EWA, Schoch CL (2012) Phylogenetic placement of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cenococcum in Gloniaceae (Dothideomycetes). Mycologia
104:758–765
Sugiura Y, Watanabe M, Nonoyama Y, Sakagami N, Guo Y, Murayama S (2017) Saccharides of
ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides. Soil Sci Plant Nutr
63:426–433
Townsend BB, Willetts HJ (1954) The development of sclerotia of certain fungi. Trans Br Mycol
Soc 37:213–221
Trappe JM (1962) Cenococcum graniforme—its distribution, ecology, mycorrhiza formation, and
inherent variation. PhD thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Trappe JM (1964) Mycorrhizal host and distribution of Cenococcum graniforme. Lloydia
27:100–106
Trappe JM (1969) Studies on Cenococcum graniforme. I An efficient method for isolation from
sclerotia. Can J Bot 47:1389–1390
Trappe JM (1988) Lessons from alpine fungi. Mycologia 80:1–10
Vogt KA, Edmonds RL, Grier CC (1981) Biomass and nutrient concentrations of sporocarps
produced by mycorrhizal and decomposer fungi in Abies amabilis stands. Oecologia
50:170–175
Vogt KA, Grier CG, Meier CE, Edmonds RL (1982) Mycorrhizal role in net primary production
and nutrient cycling in Abies amabilis ecosystem in western Washington. Ecology 63:370–380
Watanabe T (1973) Survivability of Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby in naturally-infested
soils and longevity of the sclerotia formed in vitro. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 39:333–337
Willetts HJ (1972) The morphogenesis and possible evolutionary origins of fungal sclerotia. Biol
Rev 47:515–536
Wolbach WS et al (2018a) Extraordinary biomass-burning episode and impact winter triggered by
the younger Dryas cosmic impact $12,800 years ago. 1. Ice cores and glaciers. J Geol
126:165–184. https://doi.org/10.1086/695703
Wolbach WS et al (2018b) Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered
by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact $12,800 Years Ago. 2. Lake, Marine, and Terrestrial
Sediments. J Geol 126:185–205. https://doi.org/10.1086/695704
Wu B, Nara K, Hogetsu T (2005) Genetic structure of Cenococcum geophilum populations in
primary successional volcanic deserts on Mount Fuji as revealed by microsatellite markers. New
Phytol 165:285–293
1 Introduction
15
Quercus woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. New
Phytol 174:847–863
Smith ME, Henkel TW, Rollins JA (2015) How many fungi make sclerotia? Fungal Ecol
13:211–220
Soil Science Division Staff (2017) Soil survey manual. In: Ditzler C, Scheffe K, Monger HC (eds)
USDA handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. https://www.nrcs.usda.
gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid¼nrcs142p2_054253#concentrations
Spatafora JW, Owensby CA, Douhan GW, Boehm EWA, Schoch CL (2012) Phylogenetic placement of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cenococcum in Gloniaceae (Dothideomycetes). Mycologia
104:758–765
Sugiura Y, Watanabe M, Nonoyama Y, Sakagami N, Guo Y, Murayama S (2017) Saccharides of
ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides. Soil Sci Plant Nutr
63:426–433
Townsend BB, Willetts HJ (1954) The development of sclerotia of certain fungi. Trans Br Mycol
Soc 37:213–221
Trappe JM (1962) Cenococcum graniforme—its distribution, ecology, mycorrhiza formation, and
inherent variation. PhD thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Trappe JM (1964) Mycorrhizal host and distribution of Cenococcum graniforme. Lloydia
27:100–106
Trappe JM (1969) Studies on Cenococcum graniforme. I An efficient method for isolation from
sclerotia. Can J Bot 47:1389–1390
Trappe JM (1988) Lessons from alpine fungi. Mycologia 80:1–10
Vogt KA, Edmonds RL, Grier CC (1981) Biomass and nutrient concentrations of sporocarps
produced by mycorrhizal and decomposer fungi in Abies amabilis stands. Oecologia
50:170–175
Vogt KA, Grier CG, Meier CE, Edmonds RL (1982) Mycorrhizal role in net primary production
and nutrient cycling in Abies amabilis ecosystem in western Washington. Ecology 63:370–380
Watanabe T (1973) Survivability of Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby in naturally-infested
soils and longevity of the sclerotia formed in vitro. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 39:333–337
Willetts HJ (1972) The morphogenesis and possible evolutionary origins of fungal sclerotia. Biol
Rev 47:515–536
Wolbach WS et al (2018a) Extraordinary biomass-burning episode and impact winter triggered by
the younger Dryas cosmic impact $12,800 years ago. 1. Ice cores and glaciers. J Geol
126:165–184. https://doi.org/10.1086/695703
Wolbach WS et al (2018b) Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered
by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact $12,800 Years Ago. 2. Lake, Marine, and Terrestrial
Sediments. J Geol 126:185–205. https://doi.org/10.1086/695704
Wu B, Nara K, Hogetsu T (2005) Genetic structure of Cenococcum geophilum populations in
primary successional volcanic deserts on Mount Fuji as revealed by microsatellite markers. New
Phytol 165:285–293
1 Introduction
15