soils remain as one of the soil constituents while functioning as a substrate for fungi
and bacteria even though the ability to germinate has been lost.
Cenococcum spp. form visually detectable dormant particle in the life cycle as its
reproductive structure. The lack of reproductive structures such as sexual and
asexual spores in life cycle gives difficulty for mycologists to subcategorize Cg
genus and to use molecular biology methods for identifying the fungal species
responsible for the sclerotia formation.
Sclerotia have become mycologists’ interests on the basis of social concern of
preventing crop disease, which could have probably started since settlers opened
forest to gain farmland and start cultivation. The recalcitrant structure existing in
soil, formed by the worldwide ectomycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum spp., is not only a
material of biological resource studies, but is a key material of integrated science that
unravels the global history and earth system before the relationship between human
and soil begins.
References
Bledsoe C, Klein P, Bliss LC (1989) A survey of mycorrhizal plants on truelove lowland, Devon
Island, N.W.T., Canada. Can J Bot 68:1848–1818
Bullock S, Ashford AE, Willetts HJ (1980a) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger II. Histochemistry of extracellular substances and cytoplasmic
reserves. Protoplasma 104:333–351
Bullock S, Willetts HJ, Ashford AE (1980b) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger I. Light and electron microscope studies on sclerotial development.
Protoplasma 104:315–331
Bullock S, Willetts HJ, Ashford AE (1983) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger III. Changes in ultrastructure and loss of reserve materials during
carpogenic germination. Protoplasma 117:214–225
Butler MJ, Day AW (1998) Fungal melanins: a review. Can J Microbiol 44:1115–1136
Calonge FD (1968) Origin and development of intrahyphal hyphae in Sclerotinia fructigena.
Mycologia 60:932–942
Chet I, Henis Y, Mitchell R (1967) Chemical composition of hyphal and sclerotial walls of
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Can J Microbiol 13:137–141
Chet I, Henis Y, Kislev N (1969) Ultrastructure of sclerotia and hyphae of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. J
Gen Microbiol 57:143–147
Cochrane VW (1958) Physiology of fungi. Wiley, New York and London, 524 pp
Coley-Smith JR, Cooke RC (1971) Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Annu Rev
Phytopathol 9:65–92
Dahlberg A, Jonsson L, Nylund JE (1997) Species diversity and distribution of biomass above and
below ground among ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old-growth Norway spruce forest in South
Sweden. Can J Bot 75:1323–1335
Dallies N, Francois J, Paquet V (1998) A new method for quantitative determination of polysaccharides in yeast cell wall. Application to the cell wall defective mutants of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Yeast 14:1297–1306
Daulton TL, Amari S, Scott AC, Hardiman M, Pinter N, Anderson RS (2016) Comprehensive
analysis of nanodiamond evidence relating to the younger Dryas impact hypothesis. J Quater Sci
32:7–34
12
M. Watanabe et al.
and bacteria even though the ability to germinate has been lost.
Cenococcum spp. form visually detectable dormant particle in the life cycle as its
reproductive structure. The lack of reproductive structures such as sexual and
asexual spores in life cycle gives difficulty for mycologists to subcategorize Cg
genus and to use molecular biology methods for identifying the fungal species
responsible for the sclerotia formation.
Sclerotia have become mycologists’ interests on the basis of social concern of
preventing crop disease, which could have probably started since settlers opened
forest to gain farmland and start cultivation. The recalcitrant structure existing in
soil, formed by the worldwide ectomycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum spp., is not only a
material of biological resource studies, but is a key material of integrated science that
unravels the global history and earth system before the relationship between human
and soil begins.
References
Bledsoe C, Klein P, Bliss LC (1989) A survey of mycorrhizal plants on truelove lowland, Devon
Island, N.W.T., Canada. Can J Bot 68:1848–1818
Bullock S, Ashford AE, Willetts HJ (1980a) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger II. Histochemistry of extracellular substances and cytoplasmic
reserves. Protoplasma 104:333–351
Bullock S, Willetts HJ, Ashford AE (1980b) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger I. Light and electron microscope studies on sclerotial development.
Protoplasma 104:315–331
Bullock S, Willetts HJ, Ashford AE (1983) The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia of
Sclerotinia minor Jagger III. Changes in ultrastructure and loss of reserve materials during
carpogenic germination. Protoplasma 117:214–225
Butler MJ, Day AW (1998) Fungal melanins: a review. Can J Microbiol 44:1115–1136
Calonge FD (1968) Origin and development of intrahyphal hyphae in Sclerotinia fructigena.
Mycologia 60:932–942
Chet I, Henis Y, Mitchell R (1967) Chemical composition of hyphal and sclerotial walls of
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Can J Microbiol 13:137–141
Chet I, Henis Y, Kislev N (1969) Ultrastructure of sclerotia and hyphae of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. J
Gen Microbiol 57:143–147
Cochrane VW (1958) Physiology of fungi. Wiley, New York and London, 524 pp
Coley-Smith JR, Cooke RC (1971) Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Annu Rev
Phytopathol 9:65–92
Dahlberg A, Jonsson L, Nylund JE (1997) Species diversity and distribution of biomass above and
below ground among ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old-growth Norway spruce forest in South
Sweden. Can J Bot 75:1323–1335
Dallies N, Francois J, Paquet V (1998) A new method for quantitative determination of polysaccharides in yeast cell wall. Application to the cell wall defective mutants of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Yeast 14:1297–1306
Daulton TL, Amari S, Scott AC, Hardiman M, Pinter N, Anderson RS (2016) Comprehensive
analysis of nanodiamond evidence relating to the younger Dryas impact hypothesis. J Quater Sci
32:7–34
12
M. Watanabe et al.