Vol. 38, pp. 117–132 SE-9). American Chemical Society. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ba-1963-0038.ch009.
Lonsdale, H. K. (1966). Properties of cellulose acetate membranes.
In M. Merten (Ed.), Desalination by reverse osmosis (pp. 93–160).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ASIN: B0000CNLGY.
Lonsdale, H. K., Merten, U., & Riley, R. L. (1965). Transport
properties of cellulose acetate osmotic membranes. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 9, 1341–1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.1965.070090413.
Lu, Y. Y., Hu, Y. D., Zhang, X. L., Wu, L. Y., & Liu, Q. Z. (2007).
Optimum design of reverse osmosis system under different feed
concentration and product specification. Journal of Membrane Science,
287, 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.037.
MacNeil, C. J. (1988). Membrane separation technologies for treatment
of hazardous wastes. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control,
18, 91–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643388809388344.
Mahon, H. I. (1966). Permeability separatory apparatus, permeability
separator membrane element, method of making the same and
process utilizing the same. US Patent US3228876A.
Malaeb, L., & Ayoub, G. M. (2011). Reverse osmosis technology for
water treatment: State of the art review. Desalination, 267, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.001.
Mannapperuma, J. D. (1994). Corrugated spiral membrane module. US
Patent US5458774A.
Marcovecchio, M. G., Scenna, N. J., & Aguirre, P. A. (2010).
Improvements of a hollow fiber reverse osmosis desalination model:
Analysis of numerical results. Chemical Engineering Research and
Design, 88, 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.12.003.
McCutchan, J. W., & Goel, V. (1974). Systems analysis of a
multi-stage tubular module reverse osmosis plant for sea water
desalination. Desalination, 14, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(00)80047-8.
McKinney, R., & Rhodes, J. H. (1971). Aromatic polyamide
membranes for reverse osmosis separations. Macromolecules, 4,
633–637. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60023a025.
Mehta, G. D., & Loeb, S. (1978). Performance of permasep B-9 and
B-10 membranes in various osmotic regions and at high osmotic
pressures. Journal of Membrane Science, 4, 335–349. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)83312-8.
Misdan, N., Lau, W. J., & Ismail, A. F. (2012). Seawater reverse
osmosis (SWRO) desalination by thin-film composite
membrane-current development, challenges and future prospects.
Desalination, 287, 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.
11.001.
Missimer, T. M., Ghaffour, N., Dehwah, A. H. A., Rachman, R.,
Maliva, R. G., & Amy, G. (2013). Subsurface intakes for seawater
reverse osmosis facilities: Capacity limitation, water quality
improvement, and economics. Desalination, 322, 37–51. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.021.
Mulder, M. (1996). Module and process design. In Basic principles of
membrane technology (2nd ed., pp. 312–351). The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0170835-7_8.
Muramoto, S., & Nishino, J. (1994). An advanced purification system
combining ozonation and BAC, developed by The Bureau of
Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Desalination, 98,
207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(94)00145-6.
Nakayama, A., & Sano, Y. (2013). An application of the
Sano-Nakayama membrane transport model in hollow fiber reverse
osmosis desalination systems. Desalination, 311, 95–102. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.012.
Ng, H. Y., Tay, K. G., Chua, S. C., & Seah, H. (2008). Novel 16-inch
spiral-wound RO systems for water reclamation—A quantum leap
in water reclamation technology. Desalination, 225, 274–287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.097.
Olsson, J. (2005). Stainless steels for desalination plants. Desalination,
183, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.050.
Olsson, J., & Snis, M. (2007). Duplex—A new generation of stainless
steels for desalination plants. Desalination, 205, 104–113. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.051.
Parrini, P. (1983). Polypiperazinamides: New polymers useful for
membrane processes. Desalination, 48, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.
1016/0011-9164(83)80006-X.
Peñate, B., & García-Rodríguez, L. (2011). Reverse osmosis hybrid
membrane inter-stage design: A comparative performance assessment. Desalination, 281, 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2011.08.010.
Petersen, R. J. (1993). Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration
membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 83, 81–150. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0376-7388(93)80014-O.
Pinnau, I., & Freeman, B. D. (1999). Formation and modification of
polymeric membranes: Overview. In ACS Symposium Series
(Chap. 1, Vol. 744, pp. 1–22). https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-20000744.ch001.
Prihasto, N., Liu, Q. F., & Kim, S. H. (2009). Pre-treatment strategies
for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis system. Desalination,
249, 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.09.010.
Qasim, M., Darwish, N. N., Mhiyo, S., Darwish, N. A., & Hilal, N.
(2018). The use of ultrasound to mitigate membrane fouling in
desalination and water treatment. Desalination, 443, 143–164.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.04.007.
Rachman, R. M., Li, S., & Missimer, T. M. (2014). SWRO feed water
quality improvement using subsurface intakes in Oman, Spain,
Turks and Caicos Islands, and Saudi Arabia. Desalination, 351, 88–
100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.032.
Rahardianto, A., Gao, J., Gabelich, C. J., Williams, M. D., & Cohen, Y.
(2007). High recovery membrane desalting of low-salinity brackish
water: Integration of accelerated precipitation softening with
membrane RO. Journal of Membrane Science, 289, 123–137.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.043.
Reid, C. E., & Breton, E. J. (1959). Water and ion flow across cellulosic
membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1, 133–143.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010202.
Richter, J. W., & Hoehn, H. H. (1971). Selective aromatic nitrogencontaining polymeric membranes. US Patent US3567632A.
Rosenbaum, S., Mahon, H. I., & Cotton, O. (1967). Permeation of
water and sodium chloride through cellulose acetate. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 11, 2041–2065. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.1967.070111021.
Saljoughi, E., & Mohammadi, T. (2009). Cellulose acetate (CA)/
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blend asymmetric membranes: Preparation, morphology and performance. Desalination, 249, 850–854.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.066.
Sasaki, T., Fujimaki, H., Uemura, T., & Kurihara, M. (1988).
Interfacially synthesized reverse osmosis membrane. US Patent
US4758343A.
Sasaki, T., Fujimaki, H., Uemura, T., & Kurihara, M. (1989). Process
for preparation of semipermeable composite membrane. US Patent
US4857363A.
Sauvet-Goichon, B. (2007). Ashkelon desalination plant—A successful
challenge. Desalination, 203, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2006.03.525.
Sawyer, L. C., & Jones, R. S. (1984). Observations on the structure of
first generation polybenzimidazole reverse osmosis membranes.
Journal of Membrane Science, 20, 147–166. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0376-7388(00)81329-0.
Schneider, B. M. (1989). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis membrane
cell. US Patent US4814079A.
Sekiguchi, H., Sato, F., Sadamitsu, K., & Yoshida, K. (1978).
Solute-separating membrane. US Patent US4067804A.
56
M. Sarfraz
doi.org/10.1021/ba-1963-0038.ch009.
Lonsdale, H. K. (1966). Properties of cellulose acetate membranes.
In M. Merten (Ed.), Desalination by reverse osmosis (pp. 93–160).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ASIN: B0000CNLGY.
Lonsdale, H. K., Merten, U., & Riley, R. L. (1965). Transport
properties of cellulose acetate osmotic membranes. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 9, 1341–1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.1965.070090413.
Lu, Y. Y., Hu, Y. D., Zhang, X. L., Wu, L. Y., & Liu, Q. Z. (2007).
Optimum design of reverse osmosis system under different feed
concentration and product specification. Journal of Membrane Science,
287, 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.037.
MacNeil, C. J. (1988). Membrane separation technologies for treatment
of hazardous wastes. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control,
18, 91–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643388809388344.
Mahon, H. I. (1966). Permeability separatory apparatus, permeability
separator membrane element, method of making the same and
process utilizing the same. US Patent US3228876A.
Malaeb, L., & Ayoub, G. M. (2011). Reverse osmosis technology for
water treatment: State of the art review. Desalination, 267, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.001.
Mannapperuma, J. D. (1994). Corrugated spiral membrane module. US
Patent US5458774A.
Marcovecchio, M. G., Scenna, N. J., & Aguirre, P. A. (2010).
Improvements of a hollow fiber reverse osmosis desalination model:
Analysis of numerical results. Chemical Engineering Research and
Design, 88, 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.12.003.
McCutchan, J. W., & Goel, V. (1974). Systems analysis of a
multi-stage tubular module reverse osmosis plant for sea water
desalination. Desalination, 14, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(00)80047-8.
McKinney, R., & Rhodes, J. H. (1971). Aromatic polyamide
membranes for reverse osmosis separations. Macromolecules, 4,
633–637. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60023a025.
Mehta, G. D., & Loeb, S. (1978). Performance of permasep B-9 and
B-10 membranes in various osmotic regions and at high osmotic
pressures. Journal of Membrane Science, 4, 335–349. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)83312-8.
Misdan, N., Lau, W. J., & Ismail, A. F. (2012). Seawater reverse
osmosis (SWRO) desalination by thin-film composite
membrane-current development, challenges and future prospects.
Desalination, 287, 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.
11.001.
Missimer, T. M., Ghaffour, N., Dehwah, A. H. A., Rachman, R.,
Maliva, R. G., & Amy, G. (2013). Subsurface intakes for seawater
reverse osmosis facilities: Capacity limitation, water quality
improvement, and economics. Desalination, 322, 37–51. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.021.
Mulder, M. (1996). Module and process design. In Basic principles of
membrane technology (2nd ed., pp. 312–351). The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0170835-7_8.
Muramoto, S., & Nishino, J. (1994). An advanced purification system
combining ozonation and BAC, developed by The Bureau of
Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Desalination, 98,
207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(94)00145-6.
Nakayama, A., & Sano, Y. (2013). An application of the
Sano-Nakayama membrane transport model in hollow fiber reverse
osmosis desalination systems. Desalination, 311, 95–102. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.012.
Ng, H. Y., Tay, K. G., Chua, S. C., & Seah, H. (2008). Novel 16-inch
spiral-wound RO systems for water reclamation—A quantum leap
in water reclamation technology. Desalination, 225, 274–287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.097.
Olsson, J. (2005). Stainless steels for desalination plants. Desalination,
183, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.050.
Olsson, J., & Snis, M. (2007). Duplex—A new generation of stainless
steels for desalination plants. Desalination, 205, 104–113. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.051.
Parrini, P. (1983). Polypiperazinamides: New polymers useful for
membrane processes. Desalination, 48, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.
1016/0011-9164(83)80006-X.
Peñate, B., & García-Rodríguez, L. (2011). Reverse osmosis hybrid
membrane inter-stage design: A comparative performance assessment. Desalination, 281, 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2011.08.010.
Petersen, R. J. (1993). Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration
membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 83, 81–150. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0376-7388(93)80014-O.
Pinnau, I., & Freeman, B. D. (1999). Formation and modification of
polymeric membranes: Overview. In ACS Symposium Series
(Chap. 1, Vol. 744, pp. 1–22). https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-20000744.ch001.
Prihasto, N., Liu, Q. F., & Kim, S. H. (2009). Pre-treatment strategies
for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis system. Desalination,
249, 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.09.010.
Qasim, M., Darwish, N. N., Mhiyo, S., Darwish, N. A., & Hilal, N.
(2018). The use of ultrasound to mitigate membrane fouling in
desalination and water treatment. Desalination, 443, 143–164.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.04.007.
Rachman, R. M., Li, S., & Missimer, T. M. (2014). SWRO feed water
quality improvement using subsurface intakes in Oman, Spain,
Turks and Caicos Islands, and Saudi Arabia. Desalination, 351, 88–
100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.032.
Rahardianto, A., Gao, J., Gabelich, C. J., Williams, M. D., & Cohen, Y.
(2007). High recovery membrane desalting of low-salinity brackish
water: Integration of accelerated precipitation softening with
membrane RO. Journal of Membrane Science, 289, 123–137.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.043.
Reid, C. E., & Breton, E. J. (1959). Water and ion flow across cellulosic
membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1, 133–143.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010202.
Richter, J. W., & Hoehn, H. H. (1971). Selective aromatic nitrogencontaining polymeric membranes. US Patent US3567632A.
Rosenbaum, S., Mahon, H. I., & Cotton, O. (1967). Permeation of
water and sodium chloride through cellulose acetate. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 11, 2041–2065. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.1967.070111021.
Saljoughi, E., & Mohammadi, T. (2009). Cellulose acetate (CA)/
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blend asymmetric membranes: Preparation, morphology and performance. Desalination, 249, 850–854.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.066.
Sasaki, T., Fujimaki, H., Uemura, T., & Kurihara, M. (1988).
Interfacially synthesized reverse osmosis membrane. US Patent
US4758343A.
Sasaki, T., Fujimaki, H., Uemura, T., & Kurihara, M. (1989). Process
for preparation of semipermeable composite membrane. US Patent
US4857363A.
Sauvet-Goichon, B. (2007). Ashkelon desalination plant—A successful
challenge. Desalination, 203, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2006.03.525.
Sawyer, L. C., & Jones, R. S. (1984). Observations on the structure of
first generation polybenzimidazole reverse osmosis membranes.
Journal of Membrane Science, 20, 147–166. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0376-7388(00)81329-0.
Schneider, B. M. (1989). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis membrane
cell. US Patent US4814079A.
Sekiguchi, H., Sato, F., Sadamitsu, K., & Yoshida, K. (1978).
Solute-separating membrane. US Patent US4067804A.
56
M. Sarfraz