Senoo, M., Hara, S., & Ozawa, S. (1971). Permselective polymeric
membrane prepared from polybenzimidazoles. US Patent
US3951920A.
Senthilmurugan, S., & Gupta, S. K. (2006). Separation of inorganic and
organic compounds by using a radial flow hollow-fiber reverse
osmosis module. Desalination, 196, 221–236. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.desal.2006.02.001.
Shenvi, S. S., Isloor, A. M., & Ismail, A. F. (2015). A review on RO
membrane technology: Developments and challenges. Desalination,
368, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.042 .
Sidney, L., & Srinivasa, S. (1964). High flow porous membranes for
separating water from saline solutions. US Patent US3133132A.
Singh, R. (2015). Introduction to membrane technology. In R. Singh
(Ed.), Membrane technology and engineering for water purification
(2nd ed., pp. 1–80). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.
org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63362-0.00001-X.
Solomon, D. F. (1989). Reverse osmosis element. US Patent
US4844805A.
Soltanieh, M., & Gill, W. N. (1981). Review of reverse osmosis
membranes and transport models. Chemical Engineering Communications, 12, 279–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986448108910843.
Sudak, R. G. (1990). Reverse osmosis. In M. C. Poter (Ed.), Handbook
of industrial membrane technology (pp. 260–305). New Jersey:
Noyes Publication. eBook ISBN: 9780815517559.
Suez Water Technologies. (2015). OSMO HR (PA) series. https://
www.suezwatertechnologies.com/kcpguest/documents/Fact.
Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Suez Water Technologies. (2018a). CD series high rejection brackish water
RO elements (cellulose acetate). https://www.suezwatertechnologies.
com/kcpguest/documents/Fact. Accessed date: October 15, 2018.
Suez Water Technologies. (2018b). CE series brackish water RO
elements (cellulose acetate). https://www.suezwatertechnologies.
com/kcpguest/documents/Fact. Accessed date: October 15, 2018.
Toray Industries Inc. (2014). Standard BWRO TM 700. https://www.
toraywater.com/products/ro/pdf/TM700.pdf. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Toyobo Co. Ltd. (2006). HOLLOSEP
®
. https://www.toyobo-global.
com/seihin/ro/tokucho.htm. Accessed date: October 3.
Tsuge, H., Yanagi, C., & Mori, K. (1977). Desalination of sea water by
reverse osmosis using tubular module. Desalination, 23, 235–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)82526-6.
Ulbricht, M. (2006). Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer
(Guildf), 47, 2217–2262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.
084.
Vos, K. D., Burris, F. O., Jr., & Riley, R. L. (1966). Kinetic study of the
hydrolysis of cellulose acetate in the pH range of 2–10. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 10, 825–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.
1966.070100515.
Voutchkov, N. (2012). Desalination engineering: Planning and design.
New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 9780071777155 0071777156.
Voutchkov, N. (2014). Desalination engineering: Operation and maintenance. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9780071804219 0071804218.
Voutchkov, N. (2018). Energy use for membrane seawater desalination—Current status and trends. Desalination, 431, 2–14. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.033.
Voutchkov, N., & Semiat, R. (2008). Seawater desalination. In N. N. Li,
A. G. Fane, W. S. W. Ho, & T. Matsuura (Eds.), Advanced membrane
technology and applications (pp. 47–85). New Jersey: Wiley. https://
doi.org/10.1002/9780470276280; ISBN: 9780470276280.
Wang, J., Dlamini, D. S., Mishra, A. K., Pendergast, M. T. M., Wong,
M. C. Y., Mamba, B. B., et al. (2014). A critical review of transport
through osmotic membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 454,
516–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.12.034.
Wang, Y.-N., & Wang, R. (2019). Reverse osmosis membrane
separation technology. In A. F. Ismail, M. A. Rahman, M. H. D.
Othman, & T. Matsuura (Eds.), Membrane separation principles
and applications. Handbooks in Separation Science (Chap. 1,
pp. 1–45). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012-812815-2.00001-6.
Werber, J. R., Deshmukh, A., & Elimelech, M. (2016a). The critical
need for increased selectivity, not increased water permeability, for
desalination membranes. Environmental Science & Technology
Letters, 3, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00050.
Werber, J. R., Osuji, C. O., & Elimelech, M. (2016b). Materials for
next-generation desalination and water purification membranes.
Nature Reviews Materials, 1, 16018. https://doi.org/10.1038/
natrevmats.2016.18.
Westmoreland, J. C. (1968). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis
membrane cell. US Patent US3367504A.
Wijmans, J. G., & Baker, R. W. (1995). The solution-diffusion model:
A review. Journal of Membrane Science, 107, 1–21. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0376-7388(95)00102-I.
Wiley, D. E., Fell, C. J. D., & Fane, A. G. (1985). Optimisation of
membrane module design for brackish water desalination. Desalination, 52, 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(85)80036-9.
Wilf, M., & Bartels, C. (2005). Optimization of seawater RO systems
design. Desalination, 173, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2004.06.206.
Withers, A. (2005). Options for recarbonation, remineralisation and
disinfection for desalination plants. Desalination, 179, 11–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.051.
Xia, S., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Xu, B., & Li, G. (2007). Ultrafiltration of
surface water with coagulation pretreatment by streaming current
control. Desalination, 204, 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2006.03.544.
Youssef, P. G., Al-Dadah, R. K., & Mahmoud, S. M. (2014).
Comparative analysis of desalination technologies. Energy Procedia, 61, 2604–2607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.258.
Zhao, L., Chang, P. C. Y., & Ho, W. S. W. (2013). High-flux reverse
osmosis membranes incorporated with hydrophilic additives for
brackish water desalination. Desalination, 308, 225–232. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.020.
Zhu, A., Christofides, P. D., & Cohen, Y. (2009). On RO membrane
and energy costs and associated incentives for future enhancements
of membrane permeability. Journal of Membrane Science, 344,
1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.08.006.
Recent Trends in Membrane Processes for Water Purification …
57
membrane prepared from polybenzimidazoles. US Patent
US3951920A.
Senthilmurugan, S., & Gupta, S. K. (2006). Separation of inorganic and
organic compounds by using a radial flow hollow-fiber reverse
osmosis module. Desalination, 196, 221–236. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.desal.2006.02.001.
Shenvi, S. S., Isloor, A. M., & Ismail, A. F. (2015). A review on RO
membrane technology: Developments and challenges. Desalination,
368, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.042 .
Sidney, L., & Srinivasa, S. (1964). High flow porous membranes for
separating water from saline solutions. US Patent US3133132A.
Singh, R. (2015). Introduction to membrane technology. In R. Singh
(Ed.), Membrane technology and engineering for water purification
(2nd ed., pp. 1–80). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.
org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63362-0.00001-X.
Solomon, D. F. (1989). Reverse osmosis element. US Patent
US4844805A.
Soltanieh, M., & Gill, W. N. (1981). Review of reverse osmosis
membranes and transport models. Chemical Engineering Communications, 12, 279–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986448108910843.
Sudak, R. G. (1990). Reverse osmosis. In M. C. Poter (Ed.), Handbook
of industrial membrane technology (pp. 260–305). New Jersey:
Noyes Publication. eBook ISBN: 9780815517559.
Suez Water Technologies. (2015). OSMO HR (PA) series. https://
www.suezwatertechnologies.com/kcpguest/documents/Fact.
Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Suez Water Technologies. (2018a). CD series high rejection brackish water
RO elements (cellulose acetate). https://www.suezwatertechnologies.
com/kcpguest/documents/Fact. Accessed date: October 15, 2018.
Suez Water Technologies. (2018b). CE series brackish water RO
elements (cellulose acetate). https://www.suezwatertechnologies.
com/kcpguest/documents/Fact. Accessed date: October 15, 2018.
Toray Industries Inc. (2014). Standard BWRO TM 700. https://www.
toraywater.com/products/ro/pdf/TM700.pdf. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Toyobo Co. Ltd. (2006). HOLLOSEP
®
. https://www.toyobo-global.
com/seihin/ro/tokucho.htm. Accessed date: October 3.
Tsuge, H., Yanagi, C., & Mori, K. (1977). Desalination of sea water by
reverse osmosis using tubular module. Desalination, 23, 235–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)82526-6.
Ulbricht, M. (2006). Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer
(Guildf), 47, 2217–2262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.
084.
Vos, K. D., Burris, F. O., Jr., & Riley, R. L. (1966). Kinetic study of the
hydrolysis of cellulose acetate in the pH range of 2–10. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 10, 825–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.
1966.070100515.
Voutchkov, N. (2012). Desalination engineering: Planning and design.
New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 9780071777155 0071777156.
Voutchkov, N. (2014). Desalination engineering: Operation and maintenance. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9780071804219 0071804218.
Voutchkov, N. (2018). Energy use for membrane seawater desalination—Current status and trends. Desalination, 431, 2–14. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.033.
Voutchkov, N., & Semiat, R. (2008). Seawater desalination. In N. N. Li,
A. G. Fane, W. S. W. Ho, & T. Matsuura (Eds.), Advanced membrane
technology and applications (pp. 47–85). New Jersey: Wiley. https://
doi.org/10.1002/9780470276280; ISBN: 9780470276280.
Wang, J., Dlamini, D. S., Mishra, A. K., Pendergast, M. T. M., Wong,
M. C. Y., Mamba, B. B., et al. (2014). A critical review of transport
through osmotic membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 454,
516–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.12.034.
Wang, Y.-N., & Wang, R. (2019). Reverse osmosis membrane
separation technology. In A. F. Ismail, M. A. Rahman, M. H. D.
Othman, & T. Matsuura (Eds.), Membrane separation principles
and applications. Handbooks in Separation Science (Chap. 1,
pp. 1–45). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012-812815-2.00001-6.
Werber, J. R., Deshmukh, A., & Elimelech, M. (2016a). The critical
need for increased selectivity, not increased water permeability, for
desalination membranes. Environmental Science & Technology
Letters, 3, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00050.
Werber, J. R., Osuji, C. O., & Elimelech, M. (2016b). Materials for
next-generation desalination and water purification membranes.
Nature Reviews Materials, 1, 16018. https://doi.org/10.1038/
natrevmats.2016.18.
Westmoreland, J. C. (1968). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis
membrane cell. US Patent US3367504A.
Wijmans, J. G., & Baker, R. W. (1995). The solution-diffusion model:
A review. Journal of Membrane Science, 107, 1–21. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0376-7388(95)00102-I.
Wiley, D. E., Fell, C. J. D., & Fane, A. G. (1985). Optimisation of
membrane module design for brackish water desalination. Desalination, 52, 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(85)80036-9.
Wilf, M., & Bartels, C. (2005). Optimization of seawater RO systems
design. Desalination, 173, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2004.06.206.
Withers, A. (2005). Options for recarbonation, remineralisation and
disinfection for desalination plants. Desalination, 179, 11–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.051.
Xia, S., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Xu, B., & Li, G. (2007). Ultrafiltration of
surface water with coagulation pretreatment by streaming current
control. Desalination, 204, 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.
2006.03.544.
Youssef, P. G., Al-Dadah, R. K., & Mahmoud, S. M. (2014).
Comparative analysis of desalination technologies. Energy Procedia, 61, 2604–2607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.258.
Zhao, L., Chang, P. C. Y., & Ho, W. S. W. (2013). High-flux reverse
osmosis membranes incorporated with hydrophilic additives for
brackish water desalination. Desalination, 308, 225–232. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.020.
Zhu, A., Christofides, P. D., & Cohen, Y. (2009). On RO membrane
and energy costs and associated incentives for future enhancements
of membrane permeability. Journal of Membrane Science, 344,
1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.08.006.
Recent Trends in Membrane Processes for Water Purification …
57