Durham, B., & Walton, A. (1999). Membrane pretreatment of reverse
osmosis: Long-term experience on difficult waters. Desalination,
122, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00037-5.
Eckman, T. J. (1995). Hollow fiber cartridge. US Patent US5470469A.
El-Gendi, A., Abdallah, H., Amin, A., & Amin, S. K. (2017).
Investigation of polyvinyl chloride and cellulose acetate blend
membranes for desalination. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1146,
14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.122.
Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater
desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science, 80
(333), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488.
El-Manharawy, S., & Hafez, A. (2001). Water type and guidelines for
RO system design. Desalination, 139, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0011-9164(01)00298-3.
El-Saied, H., Basta, A. H., Barsoum, B. N., & Elberry, M. M. (2003).
Cellulose membranes for reverse osmosis part I. RO cellulose acetate
membranes including a composite with polypropylene. Desalination,
159, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)90069-5.
Endoh, R., Tanaka, T., Kurihara, M., & Ikeda, K. (1977). New
polymeric materials for reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination,
21, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)84107-7.
Fox, R. L. (1980). Process for preparing an asymmetric permselective
membrane. US Patent US4307135A.
Fritzmann, C., Löwenberg, J., Wintgens, T., & Melin, T. (2007).
State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination. Desalination, 216,
1–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009.
Ghaffour, N., Missimer, T. M., & Amy, G. L. (2013). Technical review
and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and
future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination, 309, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015.
Ghosh, A. K., Bindal, R., Prabhakar, S., & Tewari, P. K. (2011).
Composite polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes—Recent
developments and future directions. BARC Newsletter, 321, 43–51.
Glater, J. (1998). The early history of reverse osmosis membrane
development. Desalination, 117, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(98)00122-2.
Goldsmith, R. L., Wechsler, B. A., Hara, S., Mori, K., & Taketani, Y.
(1977). Development of PBIL low pressure brackish-water reverse
osmosis membranes. Desalination, 22, 311–333. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0011-9164(00)88387-3.
Goh, P. S., Lau, W. J., Othman, M. H. D., & Ismail, A. F. (2018).
Membrane fouling in desalination and its mitigation strategies.
Desalination, 425, 130–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.
10.018 .
Gordon, J. M., & Hui, T. C. (2016). Thermodynamic perspective for
the specific energy consumption of seawater desalination. Desalination, 386, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.030.
Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B., & Moulin,
P. (2009). Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Research, 43, 2317–2348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010.
Günther, R., Perschall, B., Reese, D., & Hapke, J. (1996). Engineering
for high pressure reverse osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science,
121, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(96)00161-5.
Hachisuka, H., & Ikeda, K. (2002). Reverse osmosis composite
membrane and reverse osmosis treatment method for water using
the same. US Patent US6177011B1.
Hasnain, S. M., & Alajlan, S. A. (1998). Coupling of PV-powered RO
brackish water desalination plant with solar stills. Desalination,
116, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00057-5.
Hoehn, H. H., & Richter, J. W. (1973). Aromatic polyimide, polyester
and polyamide separation membranes. US Patent USRE30351E.
Hydranautics. (2018). CPA2. Nitto Group Company. https://
membranes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CPA2.pdf. Accessed
date: November 1, 2018.
Isaias, N. P. (2001). Experience in reverse osmosis pretreatment.
Desalination, 139, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)
00294-6.
Ismail, F., Khulbe, K. C., & Matsuura, T. (2019). Reverse osmosis (1st
ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Paperback ISBN: 9780128114681;
eBook ISBN: 9780128115398.
Joshi, S. V., Ghosh, P. K., Shah, V. J., Devmurari, C. V., Trivedi, J. J.,
& Rao, P. (2004). CSMCRI experience with reverse osmosis
membranes and desalination: Case studies. Desalination, 165, 201–
208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.023.
Kang, G. D., & Cao, Y. M. (2012). Development of antifouling reverse
osmosis membranes for water treatment: A review. Water Research,
46, 584–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.041.
Khawaji, A. D., Kutubkhanah, I. K., & Wie, J.-M. (2008). Advances in
seawater desalination technologies. Desalination, 221, 47–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067.
Kimura, S., & Sourirajan, S. (1967). Analysis of data in reverse
osmosis with porous cellulose acetate membranes used. AIChE
Journal, 13, 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690130319.
Koch Membrane Systems. (2018). FLUID SYSTEMS
® TFC
® HR 8″
Elements.
https://www.kochmembrane.com/KochMembrane
Solutions/media/Product-Datasheets/Spiral. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Kremen, S. S. (1977). Technology and engineering of ROGA
spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane modules. In S. Sourirajan
(Ed.) Reverse osmosis and synthetic membranes (pp. 371–386).
Ottawa: National Research Council Canada. https://doi.org/10.
1002/pol.1977.130151011.
Kucera, J. (2010). Reverse osmosis principles. In: Reverse osmosis:
Design, processes, and applications for engineers. Hoboken, NJ,
USA: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470882634.ch2.
Kucera, J. (2014). Desalination: Water from water. Salem:
Wiley-Scrivener. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118904855.
Kumano, A., & Fujiwara, N. (2008). Cellulose triacetate membranes for
reverse osmosis. In N. N. Li, A. G. Fane, W. S. W. Ho, & T.
Matsuura (Eds.), Advanced membrane technology and applications
(Chap. 2, pp. 21–45). New Jersey: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/
9780470276280.ch2.
Kumano, A., Sekino, M., Matsui, Y., Fujiwara, N., & Matsuyama, H.
(2008). Study of mass transfer characteristics for a hollow fiber
reverse osmosis module. Journal of Membrane Science, 324, 136–
141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.011.
Kurihara, M., Yamamura, H., & Nakanishi, T. (1999). High
recovery/high pressure membranes for brine conversion SWRO
process development and its performance data. Desalination, 125,
9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00119-8.
Larson, R. E., Cadotte, J. E., & Petersen, R. J. (1981). The FT-30
seawater reverse osmosis membrane-element test results.
Desalination, 38, 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)
86092-0.
Lattemann, S., & Höpner, T. (2008). Environmental impact and impact
assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination, 220, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009.
Lee, K. P., Arnot, T. C., & Mattia, D. (2011). A review of reverse
osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to
date and future potential. Journal of Membrane Science, 370, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036.
Li, D., & Wang, H. (2010). Recent developments in reverse osmosis
desalination membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 4551–
4566. https://doi.org/10.1039/b924553g.
Loeb, S. (1981). The Loeb-Sourirajan membrane: How it came about.
In Synthetic Membranes (Chap. 1, pp. 1–9). American Chemical
Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1981-0153.ch001.
Loeb, S., & Sourirajan, S. (1963). Sea water demineralization by means
of an osmotic membrane. In Saline Water Conversion-II (Chap. 9,
Recent Trends in Membrane Processes for Water Purification …
55
osmosis: Long-term experience on difficult waters. Desalination,
122, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00037-5.
Eckman, T. J. (1995). Hollow fiber cartridge. US Patent US5470469A.
El-Gendi, A., Abdallah, H., Amin, A., & Amin, S. K. (2017).
Investigation of polyvinyl chloride and cellulose acetate blend
membranes for desalination. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1146,
14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.122.
Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater
desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science, 80
(333), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488.
El-Manharawy, S., & Hafez, A. (2001). Water type and guidelines for
RO system design. Desalination, 139, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0011-9164(01)00298-3.
El-Saied, H., Basta, A. H., Barsoum, B. N., & Elberry, M. M. (2003).
Cellulose membranes for reverse osmosis part I. RO cellulose acetate
membranes including a composite with polypropylene. Desalination,
159, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)90069-5.
Endoh, R., Tanaka, T., Kurihara, M., & Ikeda, K. (1977). New
polymeric materials for reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination,
21, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)84107-7.
Fox, R. L. (1980). Process for preparing an asymmetric permselective
membrane. US Patent US4307135A.
Fritzmann, C., Löwenberg, J., Wintgens, T., & Melin, T. (2007).
State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination. Desalination, 216,
1–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009.
Ghaffour, N., Missimer, T. M., & Amy, G. L. (2013). Technical review
and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and
future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination, 309, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015.
Ghosh, A. K., Bindal, R., Prabhakar, S., & Tewari, P. K. (2011).
Composite polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes—Recent
developments and future directions. BARC Newsletter, 321, 43–51.
Glater, J. (1998). The early history of reverse osmosis membrane
development. Desalination, 117, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(98)00122-2.
Goldsmith, R. L., Wechsler, B. A., Hara, S., Mori, K., & Taketani, Y.
(1977). Development of PBIL low pressure brackish-water reverse
osmosis membranes. Desalination, 22, 311–333. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0011-9164(00)88387-3.
Goh, P. S., Lau, W. J., Othman, M. H. D., & Ismail, A. F. (2018).
Membrane fouling in desalination and its mitigation strategies.
Desalination, 425, 130–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.
10.018 .
Gordon, J. M., & Hui, T. C. (2016). Thermodynamic perspective for
the specific energy consumption of seawater desalination. Desalination, 386, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.030.
Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B., & Moulin,
P. (2009). Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Research, 43, 2317–2348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010.
Günther, R., Perschall, B., Reese, D., & Hapke, J. (1996). Engineering
for high pressure reverse osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science,
121, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(96)00161-5.
Hachisuka, H., & Ikeda, K. (2002). Reverse osmosis composite
membrane and reverse osmosis treatment method for water using
the same. US Patent US6177011B1.
Hasnain, S. M., & Alajlan, S. A. (1998). Coupling of PV-powered RO
brackish water desalination plant with solar stills. Desalination,
116, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00057-5.
Hoehn, H. H., & Richter, J. W. (1973). Aromatic polyimide, polyester
and polyamide separation membranes. US Patent USRE30351E.
Hydranautics. (2018). CPA2. Nitto Group Company. https://
membranes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CPA2.pdf. Accessed
date: November 1, 2018.
Isaias, N. P. (2001). Experience in reverse osmosis pretreatment.
Desalination, 139, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)
00294-6.
Ismail, F., Khulbe, K. C., & Matsuura, T. (2019). Reverse osmosis (1st
ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Paperback ISBN: 9780128114681;
eBook ISBN: 9780128115398.
Joshi, S. V., Ghosh, P. K., Shah, V. J., Devmurari, C. V., Trivedi, J. J.,
& Rao, P. (2004). CSMCRI experience with reverse osmosis
membranes and desalination: Case studies. Desalination, 165, 201–
208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.023.
Kang, G. D., & Cao, Y. M. (2012). Development of antifouling reverse
osmosis membranes for water treatment: A review. Water Research,
46, 584–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.041.
Khawaji, A. D., Kutubkhanah, I. K., & Wie, J.-M. (2008). Advances in
seawater desalination technologies. Desalination, 221, 47–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067.
Kimura, S., & Sourirajan, S. (1967). Analysis of data in reverse
osmosis with porous cellulose acetate membranes used. AIChE
Journal, 13, 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690130319.
Koch Membrane Systems. (2018). FLUID SYSTEMS
® TFC
® HR 8″
Elements.
https://www.kochmembrane.com/KochMembrane
Solutions/media/Product-Datasheets/Spiral. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Kremen, S. S. (1977). Technology and engineering of ROGA
spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane modules. In S. Sourirajan
(Ed.) Reverse osmosis and synthetic membranes (pp. 371–386).
Ottawa: National Research Council Canada. https://doi.org/10.
1002/pol.1977.130151011.
Kucera, J. (2010). Reverse osmosis principles. In: Reverse osmosis:
Design, processes, and applications for engineers. Hoboken, NJ,
USA: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470882634.ch2.
Kucera, J. (2014). Desalination: Water from water. Salem:
Wiley-Scrivener. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118904855.
Kumano, A., & Fujiwara, N. (2008). Cellulose triacetate membranes for
reverse osmosis. In N. N. Li, A. G. Fane, W. S. W. Ho, & T.
Matsuura (Eds.), Advanced membrane technology and applications
(Chap. 2, pp. 21–45). New Jersey: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/
9780470276280.ch2.
Kumano, A., Sekino, M., Matsui, Y., Fujiwara, N., & Matsuyama, H.
(2008). Study of mass transfer characteristics for a hollow fiber
reverse osmosis module. Journal of Membrane Science, 324, 136–
141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.011.
Kurihara, M., Yamamura, H., & Nakanishi, T. (1999). High
recovery/high pressure membranes for brine conversion SWRO
process development and its performance data. Desalination, 125,
9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00119-8.
Larson, R. E., Cadotte, J. E., & Petersen, R. J. (1981). The FT-30
seawater reverse osmosis membrane-element test results.
Desalination, 38, 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)
86092-0.
Lattemann, S., & Höpner, T. (2008). Environmental impact and impact
assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination, 220, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009.
Lee, K. P., Arnot, T. C., & Mattia, D. (2011). A review of reverse
osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to
date and future potential. Journal of Membrane Science, 370, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036.
Li, D., & Wang, H. (2010). Recent developments in reverse osmosis
desalination membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 4551–
4566. https://doi.org/10.1039/b924553g.
Loeb, S. (1981). The Loeb-Sourirajan membrane: How it came about.
In Synthetic Membranes (Chap. 1, pp. 1–9). American Chemical
Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1981-0153.ch001.
Loeb, S., & Sourirajan, S. (1963). Sea water demineralization by means
of an osmotic membrane. In Saline Water Conversion-II (Chap. 9,
Recent Trends in Membrane Processes for Water Purification …
55