optimized include high permeate water flux, high solute
rejection, high water recovery, low fouling membrane
material, low operating pressure, high energy recovery,
process configuration, and low energy utilization. The
operating cost of a typical BWRO system can be heavily
shortened by making use of efficient energy recovery
systems.
References
Ahmed, M., Arakel, A., Hoey, D., Thumarukudy, M. R., Goosen, M.
F. A., Al-Haddabi, M., & Al-Belushi, A. (2003). Feasibility of salt
production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: A case
study. Desalination, 158, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00119164(03)00441-7.
Ali, A., Tufa, R. A., Macedonio, F., Curcio, E., & Drioli, E. (2018).
Membrane technology in renewable-energy-driven desalination.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1–21. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.047.
Almulla, A., Eid, M., Cote, P., & Coburn, J. (2002). Development in
high recovery brackish water desalination plants as part of the
solution to water quantity problems. Desalination, 153, 237–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01142-6.
Altaee, A., Zaragoza, G., & van Tonningen, H. R. (2014). Comparison
between forward osmosis-reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis
processes for seawater desalination. Desalination, 336, 50–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.002.
Amy, G., Ghaffour, N., Li, Z., Francis, L., Linares, R. V., Missimer, T.,
& Lattemann, S. (2017). Membrane-based seawater desalination:
Present and future prospects. Desalination, 401, 16–21. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.002.
Applied Membranes Inc. (2018). CTA Commercial/Industrial RO
Membranes. https://www.appliedmembranes.com/cta-ro-membranes.
html. Accessed date: October 12, 2018.
Aquastat. (2013). Water Uses. Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations.
Asadollahi, M., Bastani, D., & Musavi, S. A. (2017). Enhancement of
surface properties and performance of reverse osmosis membranes
after surface modification: A review. Desalination, 420, 330–383.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.027.
Atab, M. S., Smallbone, A. J., & Roskilly, A. P. (2016). An operational
and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for
potable water and land irrigation. Desalination, 397, 174–184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.06.020.
Axeon. (2017). HF1—Series Membrane Elements. https://www.
axeonwater.com/skin/common_files/admin/overview/MKTF_133_
E_HF1_MEMBRANE_ELEMENT_SPEC_SHEET.pdf. Accessed
date: November 1, 2018.
Baker, R. W. (2004). Membrane technology and applications (2nd ed.).
New York: Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-470-02039-5.
Baker, R. W. (2012). Membrane technology and applications (3rd ed.).
New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118359686.
Bartels, C., Bergman, R., Hallan, M., Henthorne, L., Knappe, P.,
Lozier, J., et al. (2005). Industry consortium analysis of large
reverse osmosis/nanofiltration element diameters. Desalination and
Water Purification Research and Development Report No. 114, U.S.
Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation, September 2004.
Belfort, G. (1984). Desalting experience by hyperfiltration (reverse
osmosis) in the United States. In G. Belfort (Ed.), Synthetic
membrane process: Fundamentals and water applications (Chap. 7,
pp. 221–280). Cambridge: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-12-085480-6.50013-X.
Birnhack, L., Penn, R., & Lahav, O. (2008). Quality criteria for
desalinated water and introduction of a novel, cost effective and
advantageous post treatment process. Desalination, 221, 70–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.068.
Bray, D. T. (1968). Reverse osmosis purification apparatus. US Patent
US3417870.
Burn, S., & Gray, S. (2015). Efficient desalination by reverse osmosis:
A best practice guide to RO. London, UK: IWA Publishing.
https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781780405056/Efficient-DesalinationReverse-Osmosis-Best-1780405057/plp. ISBN 13: 9781780405056.
Cadotte, J. E. (1981). Interfacially synthesized reverse osmosis
membrane. US Patent US4277344A.
Cadotte, J. E. (1985). Evolution of composite reverse osmosis
membranes. In D. R. Lloyd (Ed.), Materials science of synthetic
membranes. ACS Symposium Series Number (Vol. 269, pp. 273–
294). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/
10.1021/bk-1985-0269.ch012.
Cadotte, J. E., Petersen, R. J., Larson, R. E., & Erickson, E. E. (1980).
A new thin film sea water reverse osmosis membrane. Desalination,
32, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)86003-8.
Casey, W. P. (1983). Reverse osmosis water purification element and
cartridge.US Patent US4715952A.
Casey, W. P. (1984). Tubular element for reverse osmosis water
purification. US Patent US4874514A.
Cay-Durgun, P., & Lind, M. L. (2018). Nanoporous materials in
polymeric membranes for desalination. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 20, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2018.
01.001.
Chen, J. P., Chian, E. S. K., Sheng, P.-X., Nanayakkara, K. G. N.,
Wang, L. K., & Ting, Y.-P. (2011). Desalination of seawater by
reverse osmosis. In Membrane desalination technologies (Vol. 13,
pp. 559–601). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_13.
Credali, L., Baruzzi, G., & Guidotti, V. (1975). Reverse osmosis
anisotropic membranes based on polypiperazine amides. US Patent
US4129559A.
Credali, L., Chiolle, A., & Parrini, P. (1974). New polymer materials
for reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 14, 137–150. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)82047-0.
Credali, L., & Parrini, P. (1971). Properties of piperazine homopolyamide films. Polymer (Guildf), 12, 717–729. https://doi.org/10.
1016/0032-3861(71)90087-5.
Curcio, E., & Drioli, E. (2009). Membranes for desalination. In
Seawater desalination: Conventional and renewable energy processes (Chap. 3, pp. 41–75). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4_3.
Delion, N., Mauguin, G., & Corsin, P. (2004). Importance and impact of
post treatments on design and operation of SWRO plants. Desalination, 165, 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.037.
Doll, D. W. (1984). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis membrane cell.
US Patent US4476022A.
Dow. (2015). DOW FILMTEC™ BW30-365 Element. https://www.
dupont.com/content/dam/Dupont2.0/Products/water/literature/60900153.pdf. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Duarte, A. P., & Bordado, J. C. (2016). 12—Smart composite
reverse-osmosis membranes for energy generation and water
desalination processes. In Smart composite coatings and membranes. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and
Engineering (pp. 329–350). Sawston: Woodhead Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9.
Dupont, R. R., Eisenberg, T. N., & Middlebrooks, E. J. (1982). Reverse
osmosis in the treatment of drinking water. Reports, Utah Water
Research Laboratory, Utah State University.
54
M. Sarfraz
rejection, high water recovery, low fouling membrane
material, low operating pressure, high energy recovery,
process configuration, and low energy utilization. The
operating cost of a typical BWRO system can be heavily
shortened by making use of efficient energy recovery
systems.
References
Ahmed, M., Arakel, A., Hoey, D., Thumarukudy, M. R., Goosen, M.
F. A., Al-Haddabi, M., & Al-Belushi, A. (2003). Feasibility of salt
production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: A case
study. Desalination, 158, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00119164(03)00441-7.
Ali, A., Tufa, R. A., Macedonio, F., Curcio, E., & Drioli, E. (2018).
Membrane technology in renewable-energy-driven desalination.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1–21. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.047.
Almulla, A., Eid, M., Cote, P., & Coburn, J. (2002). Development in
high recovery brackish water desalination plants as part of the
solution to water quantity problems. Desalination, 153, 237–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01142-6.
Altaee, A., Zaragoza, G., & van Tonningen, H. R. (2014). Comparison
between forward osmosis-reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis
processes for seawater desalination. Desalination, 336, 50–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.002.
Amy, G., Ghaffour, N., Li, Z., Francis, L., Linares, R. V., Missimer, T.,
& Lattemann, S. (2017). Membrane-based seawater desalination:
Present and future prospects. Desalination, 401, 16–21. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.002.
Applied Membranes Inc. (2018). CTA Commercial/Industrial RO
Membranes. https://www.appliedmembranes.com/cta-ro-membranes.
html. Accessed date: October 12, 2018.
Aquastat. (2013). Water Uses. Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations.
Asadollahi, M., Bastani, D., & Musavi, S. A. (2017). Enhancement of
surface properties and performance of reverse osmosis membranes
after surface modification: A review. Desalination, 420, 330–383.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.027.
Atab, M. S., Smallbone, A. J., & Roskilly, A. P. (2016). An operational
and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for
potable water and land irrigation. Desalination, 397, 174–184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.06.020.
Axeon. (2017). HF1—Series Membrane Elements. https://www.
axeonwater.com/skin/common_files/admin/overview/MKTF_133_
E_HF1_MEMBRANE_ELEMENT_SPEC_SHEET.pdf. Accessed
date: November 1, 2018.
Baker, R. W. (2004). Membrane technology and applications (2nd ed.).
New York: Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-470-02039-5.
Baker, R. W. (2012). Membrane technology and applications (3rd ed.).
New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118359686.
Bartels, C., Bergman, R., Hallan, M., Henthorne, L., Knappe, P.,
Lozier, J., et al. (2005). Industry consortium analysis of large
reverse osmosis/nanofiltration element diameters. Desalination and
Water Purification Research and Development Report No. 114, U.S.
Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation, September 2004.
Belfort, G. (1984). Desalting experience by hyperfiltration (reverse
osmosis) in the United States. In G. Belfort (Ed.), Synthetic
membrane process: Fundamentals and water applications (Chap. 7,
pp. 221–280). Cambridge: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-12-085480-6.50013-X.
Birnhack, L., Penn, R., & Lahav, O. (2008). Quality criteria for
desalinated water and introduction of a novel, cost effective and
advantageous post treatment process. Desalination, 221, 70–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.068.
Bray, D. T. (1968). Reverse osmosis purification apparatus. US Patent
US3417870.
Burn, S., & Gray, S. (2015). Efficient desalination by reverse osmosis:
A best practice guide to RO. London, UK: IWA Publishing.
https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781780405056/Efficient-DesalinationReverse-Osmosis-Best-1780405057/plp. ISBN 13: 9781780405056.
Cadotte, J. E. (1981). Interfacially synthesized reverse osmosis
membrane. US Patent US4277344A.
Cadotte, J. E. (1985). Evolution of composite reverse osmosis
membranes. In D. R. Lloyd (Ed.), Materials science of synthetic
membranes. ACS Symposium Series Number (Vol. 269, pp. 273–
294). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/
10.1021/bk-1985-0269.ch012.
Cadotte, J. E., Petersen, R. J., Larson, R. E., & Erickson, E. E. (1980).
A new thin film sea water reverse osmosis membrane. Desalination,
32, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)86003-8.
Casey, W. P. (1983). Reverse osmosis water purification element and
cartridge.US Patent US4715952A.
Casey, W. P. (1984). Tubular element for reverse osmosis water
purification. US Patent US4874514A.
Cay-Durgun, P., & Lind, M. L. (2018). Nanoporous materials in
polymeric membranes for desalination. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 20, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2018.
01.001.
Chen, J. P., Chian, E. S. K., Sheng, P.-X., Nanayakkara, K. G. N.,
Wang, L. K., & Ting, Y.-P. (2011). Desalination of seawater by
reverse osmosis. In Membrane desalination technologies (Vol. 13,
pp. 559–601). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_13.
Credali, L., Baruzzi, G., & Guidotti, V. (1975). Reverse osmosis
anisotropic membranes based on polypiperazine amides. US Patent
US4129559A.
Credali, L., Chiolle, A., & Parrini, P. (1974). New polymer materials
for reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 14, 137–150. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)82047-0.
Credali, L., & Parrini, P. (1971). Properties of piperazine homopolyamide films. Polymer (Guildf), 12, 717–729. https://doi.org/10.
1016/0032-3861(71)90087-5.
Curcio, E., & Drioli, E. (2009). Membranes for desalination. In
Seawater desalination: Conventional and renewable energy processes (Chap. 3, pp. 41–75). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4_3.
Delion, N., Mauguin, G., & Corsin, P. (2004). Importance and impact of
post treatments on design and operation of SWRO plants. Desalination, 165, 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.037.
Doll, D. W. (1984). Spirally wrapped reverse osmosis membrane cell.
US Patent US4476022A.
Dow. (2015). DOW FILMTEC™ BW30-365 Element. https://www.
dupont.com/content/dam/Dupont2.0/Products/water/literature/60900153.pdf. Accessed date: November 1, 2018.
Duarte, A. P., & Bordado, J. C. (2016). 12—Smart composite
reverse-osmosis membranes for energy generation and water
desalination processes. In Smart composite coatings and membranes. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and
Engineering (pp. 329–350). Sawston: Woodhead Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9.
Dupont, R. R., Eisenberg, T. N., & Middlebrooks, E. J. (1982). Reverse
osmosis in the treatment of drinking water. Reports, Utah Water
Research Laboratory, Utah State University.
54
M. Sarfraz