reuse water that is utilized in the water intense textile
industry, researchers have turned to RO as a viable option to
realize this goal. Textile effluents are generally high with
acids, alkalis, dyes, hydrogen peroxide, starch, surfactants
dispersing agents and metals in the wastewater, not to
mention the high BOD and COD exhibited by these effluents
(Sahinkaya et al. 2018). There are plenty of evidence where
RO works effectively to recover water from textile effluents.
A study conducted by Cinperi et al., where RO system was
coupled with membrane bioreactor (MBR) and ultraviolet
(UV) process, where a turbidity and color value were
reduced by 97% and 73.7%, respectively, while exhibiting
salt removal of 97% (Cinperi et al. 2019). The water
recovered from this effluent was used for subsequent textile
dying process and did not pose any change in quality of
textile color. Another study conducted by Sahinkaya et al.,
where a dual RO a membrane integrated pellet reactor was
used to precipitate scaling cations showed promising results
too. Removal of Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ was more than 95%, while
almost 85% of water from textile effluent was recovered.
Wang et al. coupled RO system with electro-oxidation
process with controlled oxidation–reduction potential
(ORP) for treatment of textile effluent (Wang et al. 2018).
This robust system was able to exhibit high removal efficiencies of COD (72%), total nitrogen (TN) (18%) and
chroma (99%). Both electro-oxidation process and ORP
assists in mineralization of macromolecules into smaller
molecules, which further minimize the production of brine
waste after RO treatment. The works that have been done
shows that RO may not be able to work by itself to treat
textile effluents, due to several factors, including high
scaling/fouling of membrane by various salts and high
pressure required to manipulate osmotic pressure. Hence,
RO system would work efficiently when coupled with other
treatment processes as described earlier.
3.2 Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration (NF) has become a widely accepted process
not only for producing drinking water but also for recovering
wastewater in industrial processes or removing pollutants
from industrial wastewater effluent. It is a membrane-based
method that maintains comparatively small molecular weight
organic compounds and divalent ions or big molecular ions
such as 700–1000 molecular weight hydrolyzed reactive
dyes as well as auxiliary dyeing. It has the benefit of
recovering valuable materials and should be preferred to
reverse osmosis with higher maintenance and operating costs
(Chakrabarty et al. 2008). Nanofiltration membranes are also
currently produced of ceramic materials that can resist elevated temperatures. Preparation flexibility and the range of
raw materials for nanofiltration training will improve and
spread its implementation in various procedures. With such
versatile choice of raw materials and ease of modification for
various applications, nanofiltration is quickly become the
largest and most widely used membrane filtration technology
requiring a more focused research community on nanofiltration development.
Nanofiltration has been increasingly being used by the
textile industry to manage color discharges. Nanofiltration
membranes contain organic complexes of low molecular
weight, divalent ions, large monovalent ions, hydrolyzed
reactive colors and dyeing auxiliary. The quantity of mineral
salts does not exceed 20 g/L in most accessible research on
dye house discharges, and the quantity of dyestuff does not
exceed 1.5 g/L. There are three main aspects that controlling
the mass transfer of nanofiltration. Diffusion and convection
mechanisms are frequently observed in the nanofiltration
process as they possess small pore size. Since the active
membrane layer of nanofiltration usually consists of negatively charged group, thus, the migration of ions on an
electrical field need to be considered.
Nanofiltration can play a significant role in separating
precious chemicals or removal from liquid streams of a
dangerous or unwanted substance that can save costs and
enhance industry's environmental impact. Dye production is
a series source of various pollutants before the effluent from
the discharge dye sector should be handled to decrease the
negative impact on human and aquatic life. In the textile
industry, nanofiltration can be used to separate distinct
substances; however, further study is required to enhance
effectiveness and overcome expected issues. Table 7 displayed several experiments conducted using nanofiltration
system to treat textile wastewater.
3.3 Ultrafiltration
The ultrafiltration (UF) is a type of membrane with porous
membrane structure and medium separation performance.
The pore width of 2–200 nm has categorized this membrane
in the middle between large microfiltration and small
nanofiltration membranes counterparts. Similarly to that of
other membranes, the UF membrane is used for the separation purpose due to the permeability for specific substances
that contained in the solution medium which to be removed
or to be concentrated. To be more specific, the UF membrane is normally used to concentrate, fractionate and to treat
the macromolecules in fluid systems. Figure 9 shows the
selectivity of the UF membrane separation for different types
of materials.
The implementation of the UF membrane in the textile
wastewater treatment has been reported in the literature. For
instance, there was an investigation on the textile wastewater
treatment using the polysulfone UF membrane that was
Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment
101
industry, researchers have turned to RO as a viable option to
realize this goal. Textile effluents are generally high with
acids, alkalis, dyes, hydrogen peroxide, starch, surfactants
dispersing agents and metals in the wastewater, not to
mention the high BOD and COD exhibited by these effluents
(Sahinkaya et al. 2018). There are plenty of evidence where
RO works effectively to recover water from textile effluents.
A study conducted by Cinperi et al., where RO system was
coupled with membrane bioreactor (MBR) and ultraviolet
(UV) process, where a turbidity and color value were
reduced by 97% and 73.7%, respectively, while exhibiting
salt removal of 97% (Cinperi et al. 2019). The water
recovered from this effluent was used for subsequent textile
dying process and did not pose any change in quality of
textile color. Another study conducted by Sahinkaya et al.,
where a dual RO a membrane integrated pellet reactor was
used to precipitate scaling cations showed promising results
too. Removal of Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ was more than 95%, while
almost 85% of water from textile effluent was recovered.
Wang et al. coupled RO system with electro-oxidation
process with controlled oxidation–reduction potential
(ORP) for treatment of textile effluent (Wang et al. 2018).
This robust system was able to exhibit high removal efficiencies of COD (72%), total nitrogen (TN) (18%) and
chroma (99%). Both electro-oxidation process and ORP
assists in mineralization of macromolecules into smaller
molecules, which further minimize the production of brine
waste after RO treatment. The works that have been done
shows that RO may not be able to work by itself to treat
textile effluents, due to several factors, including high
scaling/fouling of membrane by various salts and high
pressure required to manipulate osmotic pressure. Hence,
RO system would work efficiently when coupled with other
treatment processes as described earlier.
3.2 Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration (NF) has become a widely accepted process
not only for producing drinking water but also for recovering
wastewater in industrial processes or removing pollutants
from industrial wastewater effluent. It is a membrane-based
method that maintains comparatively small molecular weight
organic compounds and divalent ions or big molecular ions
such as 700–1000 molecular weight hydrolyzed reactive
dyes as well as auxiliary dyeing. It has the benefit of
recovering valuable materials and should be preferred to
reverse osmosis with higher maintenance and operating costs
(Chakrabarty et al. 2008). Nanofiltration membranes are also
currently produced of ceramic materials that can resist elevated temperatures. Preparation flexibility and the range of
raw materials for nanofiltration training will improve and
spread its implementation in various procedures. With such
versatile choice of raw materials and ease of modification for
various applications, nanofiltration is quickly become the
largest and most widely used membrane filtration technology
requiring a more focused research community on nanofiltration development.
Nanofiltration has been increasingly being used by the
textile industry to manage color discharges. Nanofiltration
membranes contain organic complexes of low molecular
weight, divalent ions, large monovalent ions, hydrolyzed
reactive colors and dyeing auxiliary. The quantity of mineral
salts does not exceed 20 g/L in most accessible research on
dye house discharges, and the quantity of dyestuff does not
exceed 1.5 g/L. There are three main aspects that controlling
the mass transfer of nanofiltration. Diffusion and convection
mechanisms are frequently observed in the nanofiltration
process as they possess small pore size. Since the active
membrane layer of nanofiltration usually consists of negatively charged group, thus, the migration of ions on an
electrical field need to be considered.
Nanofiltration can play a significant role in separating
precious chemicals or removal from liquid streams of a
dangerous or unwanted substance that can save costs and
enhance industry's environmental impact. Dye production is
a series source of various pollutants before the effluent from
the discharge dye sector should be handled to decrease the
negative impact on human and aquatic life. In the textile
industry, nanofiltration can be used to separate distinct
substances; however, further study is required to enhance
effectiveness and overcome expected issues. Table 7 displayed several experiments conducted using nanofiltration
system to treat textile wastewater.
3.3 Ultrafiltration
The ultrafiltration (UF) is a type of membrane with porous
membrane structure and medium separation performance.
The pore width of 2–200 nm has categorized this membrane
in the middle between large microfiltration and small
nanofiltration membranes counterparts. Similarly to that of
other membranes, the UF membrane is used for the separation purpose due to the permeability for specific substances
that contained in the solution medium which to be removed
or to be concentrated. To be more specific, the UF membrane is normally used to concentrate, fractionate and to treat
the macromolecules in fluid systems. Figure 9 shows the
selectivity of the UF membrane separation for different types
of materials.
The implementation of the UF membrane in the textile
wastewater treatment has been reported in the literature. For
instance, there was an investigation on the textile wastewater
treatment using the polysulfone UF membrane that was
Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment
101