44 Stefan Guth
68. Luckily for the Combine, these emissions generally remained within the lax limits
of legislation. GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 585, l. 2–3.
69. Tatambaev, Nasledie, 184.
70. Jurii Demko, “Mangyshlak segodnia. ‘Griaznye’ tainy poluostrova sokrovishch,”
in: Tsentrasia, February 5, 2007,
[ January 3, 2022].
71. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let.”
72. Yurii Lushin, “Bol’shoi sekret v mirnykh tseliakh,” in: Ogonek, no. 2, January 2,
1992, 14–15.
73. Author’s interview with Marat Shushakov, Aktau, 2013; Pavlenko, Rossypi,
854–855.
74. On unacknowledged health hazards in the early phases of both the US and the
Soviet nuclear industries, see Kate Brown, Plutopia. Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities
and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters, Oxford 2013.
75. See e.g. GAMO, f. 530, op. 3, d. 1 [Prikazy ob ustanovelenii l’gotnogo stazha
rabotnikam rudoupravleniia za rabotu vo vrednykh usloviiakh truda po spiskam 1
i 2, 1970–1985].
76. What concerns these female employees may have had about their health were
soothed by local lore which had it that radiation cured infertility. Pavlenko,
Rossypi, 587.
77. The important difference being that prior to Chernobyl, benefits applied only to
the employees of the nuclear enterprises rather than the population at large. Adriana Petryna, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl, Princeton, NJ 2002.
78. Lev A. Kochetkov, “Istoriia razvitiia bystrykh reaktorov v RF,” in: Atomnyi ekspert
22–23 (2014) 1–2, 50–61; Mikhail P. Grabovskii, Puskovoi Ob”ekt, Mosow 1999,
88–89.
79. Viktor Rubtsov, “Serye ptitsy na belom beregu. Narodnyi roman,” December 10,
2007,
[ January 16, 2016].
80. M.M. Utebaeva/A.F. Garkusha/N.B. Daumsharova/Ju.I. Kerzhbaum, Chernobyl’:
Mangistaustsy prikhodiat na pomoshch, Almaty 2012.
81. Ibid., 158.
82. Initially, another FBR of intermediate size and power (the BOR-60) had been
planned to precede the BN-350, but the project was delayed for too long to provide
usable input for the design of the latter.
83. Report on the Reception of a Yemenite Delegation on October 26–27, 1988,
GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 1117, l. 96-116 (l. 100).
84. V.I. Boiko/V.V. Shidlovskii/V.N. Meshcheriakov/I.V. Shamanin/D.G. Koshelev/
D.G. Demianiuk, Perspektivnye iadernye toplivye tsikly i reaktory novogo pokoleniia.
Uchebnoe posobie, Tomsk 2009, 167.
85. On leaking, see GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 600, l. 42, on jamming see ibid., d. 213, l.
78; ibid., d. 214, l. 1–2; see also Rubtsov, Ptitsy.
86. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let.”
87. Tatambaev, Nasledie, 206–207.
88. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let”.
89. Author’s interview with Klara I. Smagina in Moscow, December 6, 2012.
90. Roger S. Case, Aktau Plastics Plant Explosives Material Report, Dezember 1999,
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc620895/ [ January 3, 2022].
91. Following Charles Perrow, large-scale technologies are understood here as complex and tightly coupled sociotechnical systems. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents.
Living with High Risk Technologies, New York, NY 1984.
92. On envirotechnical disasters, see Sara B. Pritchard “An Envirotechnical Disaster: Nature, Technology, and Politics at Fukushima,” in: Environmental History 17
(2012) 2, 219–243.
68. Luckily for the Combine, these emissions generally remained within the lax limits
of legislation. GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 585, l. 2–3.
69. Tatambaev, Nasledie, 184.
70. Jurii Demko, “Mangyshlak segodnia. ‘Griaznye’ tainy poluostrova sokrovishch,”
in: Tsentrasia, February 5, 2007,
[ January 3, 2022].
71. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let.”
72. Yurii Lushin, “Bol’shoi sekret v mirnykh tseliakh,” in: Ogonek, no. 2, January 2,
1992, 14–15.
73. Author’s interview with Marat Shushakov, Aktau, 2013; Pavlenko, Rossypi,
854–855.
74. On unacknowledged health hazards in the early phases of both the US and the
Soviet nuclear industries, see Kate Brown, Plutopia. Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities
and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters, Oxford 2013.
75. See e.g. GAMO, f. 530, op. 3, d. 1 [Prikazy ob ustanovelenii l’gotnogo stazha
rabotnikam rudoupravleniia za rabotu vo vrednykh usloviiakh truda po spiskam 1
i 2, 1970–1985].
76. What concerns these female employees may have had about their health were
soothed by local lore which had it that radiation cured infertility. Pavlenko,
Rossypi, 587.
77. The important difference being that prior to Chernobyl, benefits applied only to
the employees of the nuclear enterprises rather than the population at large. Adriana Petryna, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl, Princeton, NJ 2002.
78. Lev A. Kochetkov, “Istoriia razvitiia bystrykh reaktorov v RF,” in: Atomnyi ekspert
22–23 (2014) 1–2, 50–61; Mikhail P. Grabovskii, Puskovoi Ob”ekt, Mosow 1999,
88–89.
79. Viktor Rubtsov, “Serye ptitsy na belom beregu. Narodnyi roman,” December 10,
2007,
[ January 16, 2016].
80. M.M. Utebaeva/A.F. Garkusha/N.B. Daumsharova/Ju.I. Kerzhbaum, Chernobyl’:
Mangistaustsy prikhodiat na pomoshch, Almaty 2012.
81. Ibid., 158.
82. Initially, another FBR of intermediate size and power (the BOR-60) had been
planned to precede the BN-350, but the project was delayed for too long to provide
usable input for the design of the latter.
83. Report on the Reception of a Yemenite Delegation on October 26–27, 1988,
GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 1117, l. 96-116 (l. 100).
84. V.I. Boiko/V.V. Shidlovskii/V.N. Meshcheriakov/I.V. Shamanin/D.G. Koshelev/
D.G. Demianiuk, Perspektivnye iadernye toplivye tsikly i reaktory novogo pokoleniia.
Uchebnoe posobie, Tomsk 2009, 167.
85. On leaking, see GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 600, l. 42, on jamming see ibid., d. 213, l.
78; ibid., d. 214, l. 1–2; see also Rubtsov, Ptitsy.
86. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let.”
87. Tatambaev, Nasledie, 206–207.
88. Savel’ev/Bystritskii, “Atomnoi promyshlennosti Kazakhstana 65 let”.
89. Author’s interview with Klara I. Smagina in Moscow, December 6, 2012.
90. Roger S. Case, Aktau Plastics Plant Explosives Material Report, Dezember 1999,
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc620895/ [ January 3, 2022].
91. Following Charles Perrow, large-scale technologies are understood here as complex and tightly coupled sociotechnical systems. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents.
Living with High Risk Technologies, New York, NY 1984.
92. On envirotechnical disasters, see Sara B. Pritchard “An Envirotechnical Disaster: Nature, Technology, and Politics at Fukushima,” in: Environmental History 17
(2012) 2, 219–243.