The Nuclear Landscape as a Garden 43
browse/doc/6440137> [ January 3, 2022]; G.V. Kruglikov/N.K. Tokmantsev,
“Dubrovnik September 1970 International Symposium on Desalination of Salt
Waters,” in: Soviet Atomic Energy 30 (1971), 406–407.
54. GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 715, l. 40–42; l. 116–125; l. 126–132; GAMO, f. 506, op. 1,
d. 1117, l. 77.
55. Sarah White, “Siberian Water to Flow to the Caspian?,” in: New Scientist and Science
Journal, May 20, 1971, 472–473; Josephson, Atom, 243–252, especially 248–249.
56. B.V. Litvinov, “O budushchem mirnykh iadernykh vzryvakh [sic] i vzryvnoi
deiterievoi energetike,”
[ January 7, 2019, no longer available]. For further details on the nuclear explosions,
see below.
57. Chida, “Science,” 243. For a study of the expert controversies over the benefits
and risks of the river diversions scheme, see David F. Duke, “Seizing Favours from
Nature. The Rise and Fall of Siberian River Diversion,” in: T. Tvedt/E. Jakobsson
(eds.), A History of Water, 3 vols., vol. 1: Water Control and River Biographies 2006,
3–34. See also Julia Obertreis, Imperial Desert Dreams. Cotton Growing and Irrigation
in Central Asia, 1860–1991, Göttingen 2017, 382–386.
58. “Oleg Kazachkovskii: Povelitel’ bystrykh neitronov,” in: Strana Rosatom, May 11,
2011, [ January
3, 2022].
59. Jasanoff, “Worlds,” 339.
60. The latter was true for the consequences of open-pit mining, oil extraction, and the
creation of a large tailings reservoir – see below.
61. Concentrations amounted to up to 150 nanograms per milliliter, more by an order
of magnitude than the 13 ng/ml that had been found in the Koshkar-Ata. Viktor
Gumnikov, “Kosovskii sindrom ‘mertvogo’ ozera,” in: Megapolis 2012,
no longer available].
62. Ibid.
63. When the PGMK was required to deliver its first ecological impact report in 1977,
it stated laconically that “Various pulps (the liquid waste of the hydrometallurgical
process) are discharged into the reservoir without prior treatment.” GAMO, f. 530,
op. 1, d. 585, l. 5.
64. Sovet Tatambaev, Radioaktivnoe nasledie atomnoi imperii, Almaty 2006, 202.
65. Ieva Rucevska/Otto Simonett (eds.), Vital Caspian Graphics 2, 2nd. ed., Arendal 2011,
49–51; T. Zhunussova/M. Sneve/O. Romanenko/A. Solomatina/I. Mirsaidov, Threat
Assessment Report. Regulatory Aspects of the Remediation and Rehabilitation of Nuclear
Legacy in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Østerås 2011; K.A. Kadyrzhanov/K.A. Kuterbekov/S.N. Lukashenko/M.I. Melent’ev/V.N. Stromov/V.N.
Shaitarov, “Overall Examination of the Ecological Situation in the Toxic and
Radioactive Wastes Storage “Koshkar-Ata” and Development of Rehabilitation
Actions,” in: International Atomic Energy Agency (ed.), Radiation Legacy of the
20th Century: Environmental Restoration. Proceedings of an International Conference
(RADLEG 2000) held in Moscow, Russian Federation, 30 October–2 November 2000,
Vienna 2002, 273–277.
66. Rucevska/Simonett, Caspian Graphics, 49–51.
67. Jurii Demko, “Chernaia past’ khvostokhranilishcha,” in: Ogni Mangistau, February
4, 2012,
[October 14, 2012, no longer available]. However, some see the measure as an
excuse for further using the lake as a convenient dump for untreated industrial
and household wastewaters. Aidyn Serikov, “Budem vyzhivat’,” in: Karavan.kz,
September 5, 2009, < https://www.caravan.kz/articles/budem-vyzhivat-370442/>
[ January 3, 2022].
browse/doc/6440137> [ January 3, 2022]; G.V. Kruglikov/N.K. Tokmantsev,
“Dubrovnik September 1970 International Symposium on Desalination of Salt
Waters,” in: Soviet Atomic Energy 30 (1971), 406–407.
54. GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 715, l. 40–42; l. 116–125; l. 126–132; GAMO, f. 506, op. 1,
d. 1117, l. 77.
55. Sarah White, “Siberian Water to Flow to the Caspian?,” in: New Scientist and Science
Journal, May 20, 1971, 472–473; Josephson, Atom, 243–252, especially 248–249.
56. B.V. Litvinov, “O budushchem mirnykh iadernykh vzryvakh [sic] i vzryvnoi
deiterievoi energetike,”
[ January 7, 2019, no longer available]. For further details on the nuclear explosions,
see below.
57. Chida, “Science,” 243. For a study of the expert controversies over the benefits
and risks of the river diversions scheme, see David F. Duke, “Seizing Favours from
Nature. The Rise and Fall of Siberian River Diversion,” in: T. Tvedt/E. Jakobsson
(eds.), A History of Water, 3 vols., vol. 1: Water Control and River Biographies 2006,
3–34. See also Julia Obertreis, Imperial Desert Dreams. Cotton Growing and Irrigation
in Central Asia, 1860–1991, Göttingen 2017, 382–386.
58. “Oleg Kazachkovskii: Povelitel’ bystrykh neitronov,” in: Strana Rosatom, May 11,
2011,
3, 2022].
59. Jasanoff, “Worlds,” 339.
60. The latter was true for the consequences of open-pit mining, oil extraction, and the
creation of a large tailings reservoir – see below.
61. Concentrations amounted to up to 150 nanograms per milliliter, more by an order
of magnitude than the 13 ng/ml that had been found in the Koshkar-Ata. Viktor
Gumnikov, “Kosovskii sindrom ‘mertvogo’ ozera,” in: Megapolis 2012,
no longer available].
62. Ibid.
63. When the PGMK was required to deliver its first ecological impact report in 1977,
it stated laconically that “Various pulps (the liquid waste of the hydrometallurgical
process) are discharged into the reservoir without prior treatment.” GAMO, f. 530,
op. 1, d. 585, l. 5.
64. Sovet Tatambaev, Radioaktivnoe nasledie atomnoi imperii, Almaty 2006, 202.
65. Ieva Rucevska/Otto Simonett (eds.), Vital Caspian Graphics 2, 2nd. ed., Arendal 2011,
49–51; T. Zhunussova/M. Sneve/O. Romanenko/A. Solomatina/I. Mirsaidov, Threat
Assessment Report. Regulatory Aspects of the Remediation and Rehabilitation of Nuclear
Legacy in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Østerås 2011; K.A. Kadyrzhanov/K.A. Kuterbekov/S.N. Lukashenko/M.I. Melent’ev/V.N. Stromov/V.N.
Shaitarov, “Overall Examination of the Ecological Situation in the Toxic and
Radioactive Wastes Storage “Koshkar-Ata” and Development of Rehabilitation
Actions,” in: International Atomic Energy Agency (ed.), Radiation Legacy of the
20th Century: Environmental Restoration. Proceedings of an International Conference
(RADLEG 2000) held in Moscow, Russian Federation, 30 October–2 November 2000,
Vienna 2002, 273–277.
66. Rucevska/Simonett, Caspian Graphics, 49–51.
67. Jurii Demko, “Chernaia past’ khvostokhranilishcha,” in: Ogni Mangistau, February
4, 2012,
[October 14, 2012, no longer available]. However, some see the measure as an
excuse for further using the lake as a convenient dump for untreated industrial
and household wastewaters. Aidyn Serikov, “Budem vyzhivat’,” in: Karavan.kz,
September 5, 2009, < https://www.caravan.kz/articles/budem-vyzhivat-370442/>
[ January 3, 2022].