The Nuclear Landscape as a Garden 45
93. B.M. Kuandykov (ed.), Kaspij ķajraņy – Caspian Shelf – Kaspiiskii shel’f, Almaty
1996, 233–235.
94. Ibid., 236–240.
95. GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop., d. 87, l. 56–61.
96. GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop., d. 89, l. 1–2.
97. The research was conducted by the Geophysical Institute of the Soviet Academy of
Sciences (Institut fiziki zemli AN SSSR) in 1989–1990, GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop.,
d. 89, l. 1–2.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid., l. 3–10.
100. Ibid. l. 1–2.
101. On the nuclear test explosions, see below.
102. V.N. Mosints, Liubimyi gorod, mozhet spat’ spokoino???, undated [1991], GAMO,
f. 330, op. 2dop, d. 89, l. 3–10 (citations l. 3–4 and l. 8).
103. V.V. Pakhomov, Iu. L. Kamanin, A.I. Kiriushchin, (all OKBM), Proposal for criteria and methods concerning the decommissioning of the BN-350, August 3, 1990,
GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 1989, l. 44–60 (citation l. 47).
104. Chida, “Science,” 246.
105. The programme promised “effective measures to combat air, soil and water pollution.” CPSU Programme, 87.
106. The Kazakh Society for Nature Protection was founded in 1963 and was modelled
after its Russian counterpart that had existed since 1924. On nature protection as a
matter of public concern, see, e.g., Douglas R. Weiner, A Little Corner of Freedom:
Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev, Berkeley 1999.
107. The Oblast’ Society for Environmental Protection was tightly integrated into the structures of “democratic centralism,” and answered to the Central Committee of the
Kazakh Society for Nature Protection. GAMO, f. 431.
108. V.N. Tychinin, On the Work of the City Society for Environmental Protection,
October 10, 1982, GAMO, f. 128, op. 1, d. 753, l. 4–5.
109. Obertreis, “Naturbeherrschung,” 119.
110. Joint decree issued by the CC CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
on December 29, 1972, “On intensifying the protection of the environment and
improving the exploitation of natural resources.” This decree constituted the basis
for the Atomic Energy Combine’s subsequent efforts in the field of environmental
protection. See GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 410, l. 40–41, and ibid., istoricheskaia
spravka.
111. For claims to the contrary, see, e.g., Paul R. Josephson, “Umweltschäden des
Kalten Krieges in der UdSSR,” in: Bernd Greiner et al. (eds.), Ökonomie im Kalten
Krieg, Hamburg 2010, 326–346 (337); J.R. McNeill/Corinna R. Unger, “Introduction: The Big Picture,” in: J.R. McNeill/Corinna R. Unger (eds.), Environmental Histories of the Cold War, New York, NY 2010, 1–18 (10).
112. See e.g. Evgenii T. Artemov/Aleksandr E. Bedel’, Ukroshchenie urana, Ekaterinburg
1999, 322–323, on the establishment of a LOOS at the Electrochemical Combine
in Novoural’sk, the main center of uranium enrichment of the Soviet nuclear project. For Shevchenko’s MAEK and PGMK, see below.
113. See V.N. Novoselov/Iu. F. Nosach/B.N. Entiakov, Atomnoe serdtse Rossii, Chelyabinsk 2014, 289; L.P. Sokhina, Radioaktivnye otkhody – problemy i resheniia (stranitsy
istorii), Ozersk 2001, 74–76.
114. TsLOOS activity report for 1978, GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 585, l. 1.
115. Nikolai P. Petrukhin, Syrevaia baza atomnoi promyshlennosti. Sobytiia, liudi, dostizheniia, Moscow 2015, 215.
116. N.A. Vol’khin, Chief engineer at the PGMK, to military procurator of unit 9325,
K.Sh. Talipov, On the fulfillment of measures for environmental protection in
1984, May 13, 1985, GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 811, l. 4–6.
93. B.M. Kuandykov (ed.), Kaspij ķajraņy – Caspian Shelf – Kaspiiskii shel’f, Almaty
1996, 233–235.
94. Ibid., 236–240.
95. GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop., d. 87, l. 56–61.
96. GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop., d. 89, l. 1–2.
97. The research was conducted by the Geophysical Institute of the Soviet Academy of
Sciences (Institut fiziki zemli AN SSSR) in 1989–1990, GAMO, f. 330, op. 2dop.,
d. 89, l. 1–2.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid., l. 3–10.
100. Ibid. l. 1–2.
101. On the nuclear test explosions, see below.
102. V.N. Mosints, Liubimyi gorod, mozhet spat’ spokoino???, undated [1991], GAMO,
f. 330, op. 2dop, d. 89, l. 3–10 (citations l. 3–4 and l. 8).
103. V.V. Pakhomov, Iu. L. Kamanin, A.I. Kiriushchin, (all OKBM), Proposal for criteria and methods concerning the decommissioning of the BN-350, August 3, 1990,
GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 1989, l. 44–60 (citation l. 47).
104. Chida, “Science,” 246.
105. The programme promised “effective measures to combat air, soil and water pollution.” CPSU Programme, 87.
106. The Kazakh Society for Nature Protection was founded in 1963 and was modelled
after its Russian counterpart that had existed since 1924. On nature protection as a
matter of public concern, see, e.g., Douglas R. Weiner, A Little Corner of Freedom:
Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev, Berkeley 1999.
107. The Oblast’ Society for Environmental Protection was tightly integrated into the structures of “democratic centralism,” and answered to the Central Committee of the
Kazakh Society for Nature Protection. GAMO, f. 431.
108. V.N. Tychinin, On the Work of the City Society for Environmental Protection,
October 10, 1982, GAMO, f. 128, op. 1, d. 753, l. 4–5.
109. Obertreis, “Naturbeherrschung,” 119.
110. Joint decree issued by the CC CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
on December 29, 1972, “On intensifying the protection of the environment and
improving the exploitation of natural resources.” This decree constituted the basis
for the Atomic Energy Combine’s subsequent efforts in the field of environmental
protection. See GAMO, f. 506, op. 1, d. 410, l. 40–41, and ibid., istoricheskaia
spravka.
111. For claims to the contrary, see, e.g., Paul R. Josephson, “Umweltschäden des
Kalten Krieges in der UdSSR,” in: Bernd Greiner et al. (eds.), Ökonomie im Kalten
Krieg, Hamburg 2010, 326–346 (337); J.R. McNeill/Corinna R. Unger, “Introduction: The Big Picture,” in: J.R. McNeill/Corinna R. Unger (eds.), Environmental Histories of the Cold War, New York, NY 2010, 1–18 (10).
112. See e.g. Evgenii T. Artemov/Aleksandr E. Bedel’, Ukroshchenie urana, Ekaterinburg
1999, 322–323, on the establishment of a LOOS at the Electrochemical Combine
in Novoural’sk, the main center of uranium enrichment of the Soviet nuclear project. For Shevchenko’s MAEK and PGMK, see below.
113. See V.N. Novoselov/Iu. F. Nosach/B.N. Entiakov, Atomnoe serdtse Rossii, Chelyabinsk 2014, 289; L.P. Sokhina, Radioaktivnye otkhody – problemy i resheniia (stranitsy
istorii), Ozersk 2001, 74–76.
114. TsLOOS activity report for 1978, GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 585, l. 1.
115. Nikolai P. Petrukhin, Syrevaia baza atomnoi promyshlennosti. Sobytiia, liudi, dostizheniia, Moscow 2015, 215.
116. N.A. Vol’khin, Chief engineer at the PGMK, to military procurator of unit 9325,
K.Sh. Talipov, On the fulfillment of measures for environmental protection in
1984, May 13, 1985, GAMO, f. 530, op. 1, d. 811, l. 4–6.