24. Duan N (1982) Models for human exposure to air
pollution. Environ Int 8:305–309
25. Ott WR (1982) Concepts of human exposure to air
pollution. Environ Int 7:179–196
26. Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, London
27. Vestreng V, Ntziachristos L, Semb A, Reis S, Isaksen
ISA, Tarrasón L (2009) Evolution of NOx emissions
in Europe with focus on road transport control measures. Atmos Chem Phys 9:1503–1520
28. Kittelson DB (1998) Engines and nanoparticles: a
review. J Aerosol Sci 29:575–588
29. Abdul-Khalek IS, Kittelson DB, Brear F (1999) The
influence of dilution conditions on diesel exhaust
particle size distribution measurements. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 1999-01-1142
30. Mathis U (2002) Influencing parameters of nanoparticle formation from diesel exhaust. In: Proceedings
of the 6th international ETH conference on nanoparticle measurements, Zürich, 19–21 August 2002
31. Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z, Pistikopoulos P,
Kyriakis N (2000) Statistical analysis of diesel fuel
effects on particle number and mass emissions. Environ Sci Technol 34:5106–5114
32. Maricq MM, Chase RE, Podsiadlik DH (1999) Vehicle exhaust particle size distributions: a comparison
of tailpipe and dilution tunnel measurements. SAE
Technical Paper Series No. 1999-01-1461
33. EEA (2009) The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission
inventory guidebook – 2009. EEA Technical Report No
9/2009. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen
34. Denier van der Gon H, Hulskotte J (2009) Methodologies for estimating shipping emissions in the
Netherlands – a documentation of currently used
emission factors and related activity data. Report
500099012, Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency, Bilthoven. ISSN: 1875-2322
35. Fridell E, Steen E, Peterson K (2008) Primary particles in ship emissions. Atmos Environ 42:1160–1168
36. CONCAWE (1987) An investigation into evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from European vehicles.
Report No. 87/60. CONCAWE, The Hague
37. Thorpe A, Harriosn RM (2008) Sources and properties of nonexhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review. Sci Total Environ 400:270–282
38. Pierson WR, Brachaczek WW (1974) Airborne particulate debris from rubber tyres. Rubber Chem
Technol 47:1275–1299
39. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR
(1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust,
tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust:
roads as sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol
27(9):1892–1904
40. Fauser P (1999) Particulate air pollution with emphasis on traffic generated aerosols. Riso-R-1053(EN),
Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde
41. Cardina JA (1974) Particle size determination of tire
tread rubber in atmospheric dusts. Rubber Chem
Technol 47:1005–1010
42. Dannis ML (1974) Rubber dust from the normal wear
of tyres. Rubber Chem Technol 47:1011–1037
43. Cadle SH, Williams RL (1978) Gas and particle
emissions from automobile tires in laboratory and
field studies. Rubber Chem Technol 52:146–158
44. Rauterberg-Wulff A (1998) Beitrag des Reifen- und
Bremsenabriebs zur Russimmission an Strassen. Dissertation am Fachgebiet Luftreinhaltung der
Technischen Universitat Berlin
45. Rauterberg-Wulff A (1999) Determination of emission factors for tyre wear particles up to 10 mm by
tunnel measurements. In: Proceedings of 8th international symposium “Transport and Air Pollution”,
Graz, 31 May–2 June 1999. Technical University
Graz. Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and
Thermodynamics
46. Moosmüller H, Gillies J, Rogers F, DuBois D,
Chow J, Watson J, Langston R (1998) Particulate
emission rates for unpaved shoulders along a paved
road. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 48:398–407
47. Dahl A, Gharibi A, Swietlicki E, Gudmundsson A,
Bohgard M, Ljungman A, Blomqvist G, Gustafsson
M (2006) Trafficgenerated emissions of ultrafine particles from pavementtire interface. Atmos Environ
40:1314–1323
48. Berdowski JJM, Mulder W, Veldt C, Visschedijk
AJH, Zandveld PYJ (1997) Particulate matter emissions (PM 10 –PM2.5 – PM0.1) in Europe in 1990 and
1993. TNO Report TNO_MEP – R 96/472. TNO
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy
Research and Process Innovation, Apeldoorn
49. Sanders PG, Xu N, Dalka TM, Maricq MM
(2003) Airborne brake wear debris: size distributions,
composition, and a comparison of dynamometer and
vehicle tests. Environ Sci Technol 37:4060–4069
50. Garg BD, Cadle SH, Mulawa PA, Groblicki PJ,
Laroo C, Parr GA (2000) Brake wear particulate
matter
emissions.
Environ
Sci
Technol
34(21):4463–4469
51. Abu-Allaban M, Gillies JA, Gertler AW, Clayton R,
Proffitt D (2003) Tailpipe, resuspended road dust,
and brake wear emission factors from on-road vehicles. Atmos Environ 37(1):5283–5293
52. Iijima A, Sato K, Yano K, Tago H, Kato M, Kimura H,
Furuta N (2007) Particle size and composition distribution analysis of automotive brake abrasion dusts for
the evaluation of antimony sources of airborne particulate matter. Atmos Environ 41:4908–4919
53. Bukowiecki N, Gehrig R, Hill M, Lienemann P,
Zwicky CN, Buchmann B, Weingartner E,
Baltensperger U (2007) Iron, manganese and copper
emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zurich
(Switzerland): size-segregated mass concentrations
in ambient air. Atmos Environ 41:878–889
54. Gehrig R, Hill M, Lienemann P, Zwicky CN,
Bukowiecki N, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U,
Buchmann B (2007) Contribution of railway traffic
to local PM 10 concentrations in Switzerland. Atmos
Environ 41:923–933
55. Kleeman MJ, Cass GR (1999) Effect of emissions
control strategies on the size and composition distribution of urban particulate air pollution. Environ Sci
Technol 33:177–189
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
79
pollution. Environ Int 8:305–309
25. Ott WR (1982) Concepts of human exposure to air
pollution. Environ Int 7:179–196
26. Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, London
27. Vestreng V, Ntziachristos L, Semb A, Reis S, Isaksen
ISA, Tarrasón L (2009) Evolution of NOx emissions
in Europe with focus on road transport control measures. Atmos Chem Phys 9:1503–1520
28. Kittelson DB (1998) Engines and nanoparticles: a
review. J Aerosol Sci 29:575–588
29. Abdul-Khalek IS, Kittelson DB, Brear F (1999) The
influence of dilution conditions on diesel exhaust
particle size distribution measurements. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 1999-01-1142
30. Mathis U (2002) Influencing parameters of nanoparticle formation from diesel exhaust. In: Proceedings
of the 6th international ETH conference on nanoparticle measurements, Zürich, 19–21 August 2002
31. Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z, Pistikopoulos P,
Kyriakis N (2000) Statistical analysis of diesel fuel
effects on particle number and mass emissions. Environ Sci Technol 34:5106–5114
32. Maricq MM, Chase RE, Podsiadlik DH (1999) Vehicle exhaust particle size distributions: a comparison
of tailpipe and dilution tunnel measurements. SAE
Technical Paper Series No. 1999-01-1461
33. EEA (2009) The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission
inventory guidebook – 2009. EEA Technical Report No
9/2009. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen
34. Denier van der Gon H, Hulskotte J (2009) Methodologies for estimating shipping emissions in the
Netherlands – a documentation of currently used
emission factors and related activity data. Report
500099012, Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency, Bilthoven. ISSN: 1875-2322
35. Fridell E, Steen E, Peterson K (2008) Primary particles in ship emissions. Atmos Environ 42:1160–1168
36. CONCAWE (1987) An investigation into evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from European vehicles.
Report No. 87/60. CONCAWE, The Hague
37. Thorpe A, Harriosn RM (2008) Sources and properties of nonexhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review. Sci Total Environ 400:270–282
38. Pierson WR, Brachaczek WW (1974) Airborne particulate debris from rubber tyres. Rubber Chem
Technol 47:1275–1299
39. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR
(1993) Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust,
tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust:
roads as sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol
27(9):1892–1904
40. Fauser P (1999) Particulate air pollution with emphasis on traffic generated aerosols. Riso-R-1053(EN),
Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde
41. Cardina JA (1974) Particle size determination of tire
tread rubber in atmospheric dusts. Rubber Chem
Technol 47:1005–1010
42. Dannis ML (1974) Rubber dust from the normal wear
of tyres. Rubber Chem Technol 47:1011–1037
43. Cadle SH, Williams RL (1978) Gas and particle
emissions from automobile tires in laboratory and
field studies. Rubber Chem Technol 52:146–158
44. Rauterberg-Wulff A (1998) Beitrag des Reifen- und
Bremsenabriebs zur Russimmission an Strassen. Dissertation am Fachgebiet Luftreinhaltung der
Technischen Universitat Berlin
45. Rauterberg-Wulff A (1999) Determination of emission factors for tyre wear particles up to 10 mm by
tunnel measurements. In: Proceedings of 8th international symposium “Transport and Air Pollution”,
Graz, 31 May–2 June 1999. Technical University
Graz. Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and
Thermodynamics
46. Moosmüller H, Gillies J, Rogers F, DuBois D,
Chow J, Watson J, Langston R (1998) Particulate
emission rates for unpaved shoulders along a paved
road. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 48:398–407
47. Dahl A, Gharibi A, Swietlicki E, Gudmundsson A,
Bohgard M, Ljungman A, Blomqvist G, Gustafsson
M (2006) Trafficgenerated emissions of ultrafine particles from pavementtire interface. Atmos Environ
40:1314–1323
48. Berdowski JJM, Mulder W, Veldt C, Visschedijk
AJH, Zandveld PYJ (1997) Particulate matter emissions (PM 10 –PM2.5 – PM0.1) in Europe in 1990 and
1993. TNO Report TNO_MEP – R 96/472. TNO
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy
Research and Process Innovation, Apeldoorn
49. Sanders PG, Xu N, Dalka TM, Maricq MM
(2003) Airborne brake wear debris: size distributions,
composition, and a comparison of dynamometer and
vehicle tests. Environ Sci Technol 37:4060–4069
50. Garg BD, Cadle SH, Mulawa PA, Groblicki PJ,
Laroo C, Parr GA (2000) Brake wear particulate
matter
emissions.
Environ
Sci
Technol
34(21):4463–4469
51. Abu-Allaban M, Gillies JA, Gertler AW, Clayton R,
Proffitt D (2003) Tailpipe, resuspended road dust,
and brake wear emission factors from on-road vehicles. Atmos Environ 37(1):5283–5293
52. Iijima A, Sato K, Yano K, Tago H, Kato M, Kimura H,
Furuta N (2007) Particle size and composition distribution analysis of automotive brake abrasion dusts for
the evaluation of antimony sources of airborne particulate matter. Atmos Environ 41:4908–4919
53. Bukowiecki N, Gehrig R, Hill M, Lienemann P,
Zwicky CN, Buchmann B, Weingartner E,
Baltensperger U (2007) Iron, manganese and copper
emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zurich
(Switzerland): size-segregated mass concentrations
in ambient air. Atmos Environ 41:878–889
54. Gehrig R, Hill M, Lienemann P, Zwicky CN,
Bukowiecki N, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U,
Buchmann B (2007) Contribution of railway traffic
to local PM 10 concentrations in Switzerland. Atmos
Environ 41:923–933
55. Kleeman MJ, Cass GR (1999) Effect of emissions
control strategies on the size and composition distribution of urban particulate air pollution. Environ Sci
Technol 33:177–189
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
79