use should also be compared for a wide range of
traffic and fleet conditions and locations. This
would allow for a better assessment of the relative
performance of different model types.
Evaluation of Mitigation Measures The results
of field trials on pollution mitigation methods
have been rather mixed, and are probably confounded by site-specific factors. Consequently,
much more work is required to determine which
measures are likely to be most effective for a
given set of circumstances.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
1. Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (2004)
A retrospective assessment of mortality from the
London smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza
and pollution. Environ Health Perspect 112(1):6–8
2. Haagen-Smit AJ (1952) Chemistry and physiology
of Los Angeles smog. Ind Eng Chem
44(6):1342–1346
3. COMEAP (2009) Long-term exposure to nitrogen
dioxide: epidemiological evidence of effects on
respiratory morbidity in children. Committee on the
Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Subgroup: Quantification of Air Pollution Risks II
4. Morawska L, Moore MR, Ristovski ZD
(2004) Health impacts of ultrafine particles – desktop
literature review and analysis. Australian Department
of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. ISBN
0642550557
5. Krasenbrink K, Martini G, Wass U, Jobson E,
Borken J, Kuehne R, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z,
Keuken M (2005) Factors determining emissions in
the WHO European Region. In: Krzyzanowski
M et al (eds) Health effects of transport-related air
pollution. Regional Office for Europe of the World
Health Organization, Copenhagen. ISBN 92 890
1373 7
6. Corbett JJ, Wang C, Winebrake JJ, Green E (2007)
Allocation and forecasting of global ship emissions.
Submitted as a formal annex submission to the International Maritime Organization. Clean Air Task
Force and Friends of the Earth International, Boston,
11 Jan 2007, pp 26
7. Eyring V, Köhler HW, van Aardenne J, Lauer
A (2005) Emissions from international shipping:
1. The last 50 years. J Geophys Res 110(D17):
D17305
8. EEA (2010) European Union emission inventory
report 1990–2008 under the UNECE Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP).
EEA Technical Report No 7/2010. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen
9. AIRPARIF (2001) Etude de la qualité de l’air dans le
secteur de la gare de l’Est. Paris, AIRPARIF – Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile-de-France,
Laboratoire d’Hygiène de la Ville de Paris, Mairie
de Paris, DASES, Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police
10. Seaton A, Cherrie J, Dennekamp M, Donaldson K,
Hurley JF, Tran CL (2005) The London underground: dust and hazards to health. Occup Environ
Med 62(6):355–362
11. Branis M (2006) The contribution of ambient sources
to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the
Prague underground transport system. Atmos Environ 40:348–356
12. Raut J-C, Chazette P, Fortain A (2009) Link between
aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in
Paris. Atmos Environ 43:860–868
13. Corbett JJ, Winebrake JJ, Green EH, Kasibhatla P,
Eyring V, Lauer A (2007) Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. Environ Sci Technol
41:8512–8518
14. Hulskotte JHJ, Denier van der Gon HAC (2010) Fuel
consumption and associated emissions from seagoing ships at berth derived from an on-board survey.
Atmos Environ 44:1229–1236
15. Uherek E et al (2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: land transport. Atmos Environ
44(37):4772–4816
16. European Commission (2003) European Union
energy and transport in figures – statistical pocketbook 2003. European Commission, Brussels
17. European Commission (2010) European Union
energy and transport in figures – statistical pocketbook 2010. European Commission, Brussels
18. Keuken M, Sanderson E, van Aalst R, Borken J,
Schneider J (2005) Contribution of traffic to levels
of ambient air pollution in Europe. In: Krzyzanowski
M et al (eds) Health effects of transport-related air
pollution. Regional Office for Europe of the World
Health Organization, Copenhagen. ISBN 92 890
1373 7
19. EEA (2007) Air pollution in Europe 1990–2004.
EEA report no 2/2007. European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen
20. AQEG (2004) Nitrogen dioxide in the United Kingdom. Air Quality Expert Group. Published by the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs. DEFRA Publications, London
21. Harrison RM, Stedman J, Derwent D (2008) Why are
PM 10 concentrations in Europe not falling? New
directions, atmospheric science perspectives special
series. Atmos Environ 42:603–606
22. Minoura H, Ito A (2010) Observation of the primary
NO 2 and NO oxidation near the trunk road in Tokyo.
Atmos Environ 44:23–29
23. Gorham R (2002) Air pollution from ground transportation an assessment of causes, strategies and
tactics, and proposed actions for the international
community. Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, United Nations
78
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
traffic and fleet conditions and locations. This
would allow for a better assessment of the relative
performance of different model types.
Evaluation of Mitigation Measures The results
of field trials on pollution mitigation methods
have been rather mixed, and are probably confounded by site-specific factors. Consequently,
much more work is required to determine which
measures are likely to be most effective for a
given set of circumstances.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
1. Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (2004)
A retrospective assessment of mortality from the
London smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza
and pollution. Environ Health Perspect 112(1):6–8
2. Haagen-Smit AJ (1952) Chemistry and physiology
of Los Angeles smog. Ind Eng Chem
44(6):1342–1346
3. COMEAP (2009) Long-term exposure to nitrogen
dioxide: epidemiological evidence of effects on
respiratory morbidity in children. Committee on the
Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Subgroup: Quantification of Air Pollution Risks II
4. Morawska L, Moore MR, Ristovski ZD
(2004) Health impacts of ultrafine particles – desktop
literature review and analysis. Australian Department
of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. ISBN
0642550557
5. Krasenbrink K, Martini G, Wass U, Jobson E,
Borken J, Kuehne R, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z,
Keuken M (2005) Factors determining emissions in
the WHO European Region. In: Krzyzanowski
M et al (eds) Health effects of transport-related air
pollution. Regional Office for Europe of the World
Health Organization, Copenhagen. ISBN 92 890
1373 7
6. Corbett JJ, Wang C, Winebrake JJ, Green E (2007)
Allocation and forecasting of global ship emissions.
Submitted as a formal annex submission to the International Maritime Organization. Clean Air Task
Force and Friends of the Earth International, Boston,
11 Jan 2007, pp 26
7. Eyring V, Köhler HW, van Aardenne J, Lauer
A (2005) Emissions from international shipping:
1. The last 50 years. J Geophys Res 110(D17):
D17305
8. EEA (2010) European Union emission inventory
report 1990–2008 under the UNECE Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP).
EEA Technical Report No 7/2010. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen
9. AIRPARIF (2001) Etude de la qualité de l’air dans le
secteur de la gare de l’Est. Paris, AIRPARIF – Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile-de-France,
Laboratoire d’Hygiène de la Ville de Paris, Mairie
de Paris, DASES, Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police
10. Seaton A, Cherrie J, Dennekamp M, Donaldson K,
Hurley JF, Tran CL (2005) The London underground: dust and hazards to health. Occup Environ
Med 62(6):355–362
11. Branis M (2006) The contribution of ambient sources
to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the
Prague underground transport system. Atmos Environ 40:348–356
12. Raut J-C, Chazette P, Fortain A (2009) Link between
aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in
Paris. Atmos Environ 43:860–868
13. Corbett JJ, Winebrake JJ, Green EH, Kasibhatla P,
Eyring V, Lauer A (2007) Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. Environ Sci Technol
41:8512–8518
14. Hulskotte JHJ, Denier van der Gon HAC (2010) Fuel
consumption and associated emissions from seagoing ships at berth derived from an on-board survey.
Atmos Environ 44:1229–1236
15. Uherek E et al (2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: land transport. Atmos Environ
44(37):4772–4816
16. European Commission (2003) European Union
energy and transport in figures – statistical pocketbook 2003. European Commission, Brussels
17. European Commission (2010) European Union
energy and transport in figures – statistical pocketbook 2010. European Commission, Brussels
18. Keuken M, Sanderson E, van Aalst R, Borken J,
Schneider J (2005) Contribution of traffic to levels
of ambient air pollution in Europe. In: Krzyzanowski
M et al (eds) Health effects of transport-related air
pollution. Regional Office for Europe of the World
Health Organization, Copenhagen. ISBN 92 890
1373 7
19. EEA (2007) Air pollution in Europe 1990–2004.
EEA report no 2/2007. European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen
20. AQEG (2004) Nitrogen dioxide in the United Kingdom. Air Quality Expert Group. Published by the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs. DEFRA Publications, London
21. Harrison RM, Stedman J, Derwent D (2008) Why are
PM 10 concentrations in Europe not falling? New
directions, atmospheric science perspectives special
series. Atmos Environ 42:603–606
22. Minoura H, Ito A (2010) Observation of the primary
NO 2 and NO oxidation near the trunk road in Tokyo.
Atmos Environ 44:23–29
23. Gorham R (2002) Air pollution from ground transportation an assessment of causes, strategies and
tactics, and proposed actions for the international
community. Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, United Nations
78
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on