global warming, its external costs also include
welfare losses of $1245 billion USD. A decrease
in productivity in 2013 triggered by sick leaves
cost $30 billion USD in the EU alone [61]. Heavily
polluted cities experience a loss of urban competitiveness due to talented, educated workers who
are more willing to move to less polluted areas.
Air pollution is the fourth leading fatal health risk
resulting in a decrease in life expectancy and fatal
diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, and
strokes [23]. The damage cost for NH 4 , NO x ,
n-CH 4 VOCs, PM, and SO x was 40–115 billion
Euro in 2012, and the damage cost of CO 2 in 2012
was 18–73 billion Euro [23]. Industrial polluters
receive the revenue from production, while the
victims of pollution assume the costs due to a
decreased standard of living and disease
(Table 1). The victims are not able to control or
influence production and therefore are bystanders
to the pollution surrounding them [61].
The Development of Pollution Control
The realization of the hazardous effects of air
pollution during the industrial revolution brought
the first attempts to restrict high pollution levels.
Pollution was particularly bad in urban areas,
where most industries were placed at that time.
The abatement acts were aimed at reducing industrial emissions; however, households remained a
significant pollution source [69]. Since the events
of Great London Smog (1952), people started to
give more attention to the adverse effects of air
pollution. As a consequence, first, the Clean Air
Act was established in the UK in 1956 followed
by US Clean Air Act of 1963 which authorized
research in pollution monitoring and control on
the national level [70]. Air pollution control systems are currently an integral part of the industrial
landscape. Due to the relatively high cost of control devices, a large effort is directed towards more
desirable forms of pollution control. Pollution
prevention from waste minimization, alternative
production techniques (e.g., green chemistry), and
improved process control are recently considered
the best practice [9]. However if no alternatives
can be found, the use of adequate control equipment must be considered. The control device must
comply with regulatory emission policies and be
fitting for removal of desired pollutants. The
equipment should be selected based on several
factors including location, required space, ambient and working conditions, and its contribution to
waste production. The optimal system must be
considered depending on the contaminant characteristic and its physical and chemical properties,
as well as reactivity and size distribution, etc. Gas
stream characteristics such as volume flow rate,
pressure, humidity, and viscosity have to also be
considered as well as unit requirements (power,
maintenance, etc.) and operating cost of the system [9] (Fig. 3).
Generally, an air pollution control system
operates by delivery of a polluted air stream of
known flow rate (Q) and concentrations of polluting chemicals (c) at established pressure (p) into
the control system. The system requires adequate
utilities (i.e., power, water, adsorbent materials,
etc.), depending on the operation mode, to remove
the unwanted compounds (pollution) from the air
stream and release clean air into the atmosphere.
During the process, waste materials will be produced, and some of the energy in the form of, e.g.,
heat, will be lost. Some of the waste and heat can
be recovered or recycled and sold as commodities.
Filtration, Thermal Oxidation,
Electrostatic Precipitator, and Cyclone
Filtration
Filtration is a simple, efficient, and economical
method for particle removal, also at the high dust
concentrations often seen in industry. A particle
filter is thought wrongly by many to work like a
sieve, trapping only particles large enough to be
stopped by the filter material. The filtration process, however, is very complicated, and its principles are covered in extensive literature [71].
The fibrous filter is built of fine fibers
(cellulose, glass, plastics) arranged so they are
perpendicular to the airflow direction. The
removal efficiency of the filters can be simply
expressed as the fraction of the inlet concentration
retained by the filter material. The efficiency of
the filter can be significantly improved by increasing the fiber density (decreasing the pore size of
Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction
485
welfare losses of $1245 billion USD. A decrease
in productivity in 2013 triggered by sick leaves
cost $30 billion USD in the EU alone [61]. Heavily
polluted cities experience a loss of urban competitiveness due to talented, educated workers who
are more willing to move to less polluted areas.
Air pollution is the fourth leading fatal health risk
resulting in a decrease in life expectancy and fatal
diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, and
strokes [23]. The damage cost for NH 4 , NO x ,
n-CH 4 VOCs, PM, and SO x was 40–115 billion
Euro in 2012, and the damage cost of CO 2 in 2012
was 18–73 billion Euro [23]. Industrial polluters
receive the revenue from production, while the
victims of pollution assume the costs due to a
decreased standard of living and disease
(Table 1). The victims are not able to control or
influence production and therefore are bystanders
to the pollution surrounding them [61].
The Development of Pollution Control
The realization of the hazardous effects of air
pollution during the industrial revolution brought
the first attempts to restrict high pollution levels.
Pollution was particularly bad in urban areas,
where most industries were placed at that time.
The abatement acts were aimed at reducing industrial emissions; however, households remained a
significant pollution source [69]. Since the events
of Great London Smog (1952), people started to
give more attention to the adverse effects of air
pollution. As a consequence, first, the Clean Air
Act was established in the UK in 1956 followed
by US Clean Air Act of 1963 which authorized
research in pollution monitoring and control on
the national level [70]. Air pollution control systems are currently an integral part of the industrial
landscape. Due to the relatively high cost of control devices, a large effort is directed towards more
desirable forms of pollution control. Pollution
prevention from waste minimization, alternative
production techniques (e.g., green chemistry), and
improved process control are recently considered
the best practice [9]. However if no alternatives
can be found, the use of adequate control equipment must be considered. The control device must
comply with regulatory emission policies and be
fitting for removal of desired pollutants. The
equipment should be selected based on several
factors including location, required space, ambient and working conditions, and its contribution to
waste production. The optimal system must be
considered depending on the contaminant characteristic and its physical and chemical properties,
as well as reactivity and size distribution, etc. Gas
stream characteristics such as volume flow rate,
pressure, humidity, and viscosity have to also be
considered as well as unit requirements (power,
maintenance, etc.) and operating cost of the system [9] (Fig. 3).
Generally, an air pollution control system
operates by delivery of a polluted air stream of
known flow rate (Q) and concentrations of polluting chemicals (c) at established pressure (p) into
the control system. The system requires adequate
utilities (i.e., power, water, adsorbent materials,
etc.), depending on the operation mode, to remove
the unwanted compounds (pollution) from the air
stream and release clean air into the atmosphere.
During the process, waste materials will be produced, and some of the energy in the form of, e.g.,
heat, will be lost. Some of the waste and heat can
be recovered or recycled and sold as commodities.
Filtration, Thermal Oxidation,
Electrostatic Precipitator, and Cyclone
Filtration
Filtration is a simple, efficient, and economical
method for particle removal, also at the high dust
concentrations often seen in industry. A particle
filter is thought wrongly by many to work like a
sieve, trapping only particles large enough to be
stopped by the filter material. The filtration process, however, is very complicated, and its principles are covered in extensive literature [71].
The fibrous filter is built of fine fibers
(cellulose, glass, plastics) arranged so they are
perpendicular to the airflow direction. The
removal efficiency of the filters can be simply
expressed as the fraction of the inlet concentration
retained by the filter material. The efficiency of
the filter can be significantly improved by increasing the fiber density (decreasing the pore size of
Industrial Emissions Control Technologies: Introduction
485