Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Clim Res
19:193–212
27. Fanger PO (1973) Assessment of man’s thermal comfort in practice. Br J Ind Med 30:313–324
28. Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in
different urban environments. Theor Appl Climatol
38:43–49
29. Lam CKC, Gallant AJE, Tapper NJ (2018) Perceptions
of thermal comfort in heatwave and non-heatwave
conditions in Melbourne, Australia. Urban Clim
23:204–218
30. Hansen A, Bi P, Nitschke M, Ryan P, Pisaniello D,
Tucker G (2008) The effect of heat waves on mental
health in a temperate Australian City. Environ Health
Perspect 116:1369–1375
31. Collins DA, Della-Marta PM, Plummer N, Trewin BC
(2000) Trends in annual frequencies of extreme temperature events in Australia. Aust Meteorol Mag
49:277–292
32. Trigo RM, Ramos AM, Nogueira PJ, Santos FD,
Garcia-Herrera R, Gouveia C, Santo FE (2009) Evaluating the impact of extreme temperature based indices
in the 2003 heatwave excessive mortality in Portugal.
Environ Sci Pol 12:844–854
33. Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more
frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st
century. Science 305:994–997
34. Forzieri G, Bianchi A, e Silva F, Marin Herrera M,
Leblois A, Lavalle C, Aerts JCJH, Feyen L (2018)
Escalating impacts of climate extremes on critical
infrastructures in Europe. Glob Environ Chang
48:97–107
35. Changnon SA, Kunkel KE, Reinke BC (1996) Impacts
and responses to the 1995 heat wave: a call to action.
Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:1497–1506
36. Coates L, Haynes K, O’Brien J, McAneney J, De
Oliveira FD (2014) Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: an examination of extreme heat events in Australia
1844–2010. Environ Sci Pol 42:33–44
37. Kovats RS, Hajat S (2008) Heat stress and public
health: a critical review. Annu Rev Public Health
29:41–55
38. Nitschke M, Tucker GR, Hansen AL, Williams S,
Zhang Y, Bi P (2011) Impact of two recent extreme
heat episodes on morbidity and mortality in Adelaide,
South Australia: a case-series analysis. Environ Health
10:1–9
39. Hajat S, Kovats R, Atkinson R, Haines A (2002)
Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: a
time series approach. J Epidemiol Community Health
56:367–372
40. Kovats RS (2006) Heat waves and health protection.
The BMJ 333:314–315
41. Nairn JR, Fawcett R (2013) Defining heatwaves:
heatwave defined as a heat-impact event servicing all
community and business sectors in Australia. In:
CAWCR Technical Reports. Centre for Australian
Weather and Climate Research, p 84
42. Santamouris M, Kolokotsa D (2015) On the impact of
urban overheating and extreme climatic conditions on
housing, energy, comfort and environmental quality of
vulnerable population in Europe. Energ Build
98:125–133
43. Koppe C, Kovats R, Jendritzky G, Menne B (2004)
Heatwaves: risks and responses. In: Health and global
environmental change. World Health Organization,
Copenhagen
44. Kaiser R, Rubin CH, Henderson AK, Wolfe MI,
Kieszak S, Parrott CL, Adcock M (2001) Heat-related
death and mental illness during the 1999 Cincinnati
heat wave. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22:303–307
45. Varghese BM, Hansen A, Nitschke M, Nairn JR,
Hanson-Easey S, Bi P, Pisaniello D (2018) Heatwave
and work-related injuries and illnesses in Adelaide,
Australia: a case-crossover analysis using the excess
heat factor (EHF) as a universal heatwave index. Int
Arch Occup Environ Health 92:263–272
46. Xiang J, Bi P, Pisaniello D, Hansen A (2014) The
impact of heatwaves on workers’ health and safety in
Adelaide, South Australia. Environ Res 133:90–95
47. Cusack L, De Crespigny C, Athanasos P (2011)
Heatwaves and their impact on people with alcohol,
drug and mental health conditions: a discussion paper
on clinical practice considerations. J Adv Nurs
67:915–922
48. Zuo J, Pullen S, Palmer J, Bennetts H, Chileshe N, Ma
T (2015) Impacts of heat waves and corresponding
measures: a review. J Clean Prod 92:1–12
49. Hatvani-Kovacs G, Belusko M, Pockett J, Boland
J (2018) Heat stress-resistant building design in the
Australian context. Energ Build 158:290–299
50. Snow M, Prasad D (2011) Climate change adaption for
building designers: an introduction. In: Environment
design guide. Australian Institute of Architects,
Victoria
51. Founda D, Pierros F, Petrakis M, Zerefos C (2015)
Interdecadal variations and trends of the Urban Heat
Island in Athens (Greece) and its response to heat
waves. Atmos Res 161–162:1–13
52. Aivalioti S (2015) Electricity sector adaptation to heat
waves. In: Columbia public law research paper. Sabin
Centre for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law
School
53. Smoyer-Tomic KE, Kuhn R, Hudson A (2002) Heat
wave hazards: an overview of heat wave impacts in
Canada. Nat Hazards 28:463–485
54. Nguyen M, Wang X, Chen D (2011) An investigation
of extreme heatwave events and their effects on building and infrastructure. In: CSIRO climate adaptation
working paper. CSIRO, Victoria
55. Wood T, Dundas G, Percival L (2019) Keep calm and
carry on: managing electricity reliability. In: Gratten
Institute Report, Gratten Institute, Victoria
56. Market Operations Performance (2009) Market event
report: record demand in South Australia and Victoria
28 to 31 January 2009. National Electricity Market
Management Company Limited, Victoria
474
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts
19:193–212
27. Fanger PO (1973) Assessment of man’s thermal comfort in practice. Br J Ind Med 30:313–324
28. Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in
different urban environments. Theor Appl Climatol
38:43–49
29. Lam CKC, Gallant AJE, Tapper NJ (2018) Perceptions
of thermal comfort in heatwave and non-heatwave
conditions in Melbourne, Australia. Urban Clim
23:204–218
30. Hansen A, Bi P, Nitschke M, Ryan P, Pisaniello D,
Tucker G (2008) The effect of heat waves on mental
health in a temperate Australian City. Environ Health
Perspect 116:1369–1375
31. Collins DA, Della-Marta PM, Plummer N, Trewin BC
(2000) Trends in annual frequencies of extreme temperature events in Australia. Aust Meteorol Mag
49:277–292
32. Trigo RM, Ramos AM, Nogueira PJ, Santos FD,
Garcia-Herrera R, Gouveia C, Santo FE (2009) Evaluating the impact of extreme temperature based indices
in the 2003 heatwave excessive mortality in Portugal.
Environ Sci Pol 12:844–854
33. Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more
frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st
century. Science 305:994–997
34. Forzieri G, Bianchi A, e Silva F, Marin Herrera M,
Leblois A, Lavalle C, Aerts JCJH, Feyen L (2018)
Escalating impacts of climate extremes on critical
infrastructures in Europe. Glob Environ Chang
48:97–107
35. Changnon SA, Kunkel KE, Reinke BC (1996) Impacts
and responses to the 1995 heat wave: a call to action.
Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:1497–1506
36. Coates L, Haynes K, O’Brien J, McAneney J, De
Oliveira FD (2014) Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: an examination of extreme heat events in Australia
1844–2010. Environ Sci Pol 42:33–44
37. Kovats RS, Hajat S (2008) Heat stress and public
health: a critical review. Annu Rev Public Health
29:41–55
38. Nitschke M, Tucker GR, Hansen AL, Williams S,
Zhang Y, Bi P (2011) Impact of two recent extreme
heat episodes on morbidity and mortality in Adelaide,
South Australia: a case-series analysis. Environ Health
10:1–9
39. Hajat S, Kovats R, Atkinson R, Haines A (2002)
Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: a
time series approach. J Epidemiol Community Health
56:367–372
40. Kovats RS (2006) Heat waves and health protection.
The BMJ 333:314–315
41. Nairn JR, Fawcett R (2013) Defining heatwaves:
heatwave defined as a heat-impact event servicing all
community and business sectors in Australia. In:
CAWCR Technical Reports. Centre for Australian
Weather and Climate Research, p 84
42. Santamouris M, Kolokotsa D (2015) On the impact of
urban overheating and extreme climatic conditions on
housing, energy, comfort and environmental quality of
vulnerable population in Europe. Energ Build
98:125–133
43. Koppe C, Kovats R, Jendritzky G, Menne B (2004)
Heatwaves: risks and responses. In: Health and global
environmental change. World Health Organization,
Copenhagen
44. Kaiser R, Rubin CH, Henderson AK, Wolfe MI,
Kieszak S, Parrott CL, Adcock M (2001) Heat-related
death and mental illness during the 1999 Cincinnati
heat wave. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22:303–307
45. Varghese BM, Hansen A, Nitschke M, Nairn JR,
Hanson-Easey S, Bi P, Pisaniello D (2018) Heatwave
and work-related injuries and illnesses in Adelaide,
Australia: a case-crossover analysis using the excess
heat factor (EHF) as a universal heatwave index. Int
Arch Occup Environ Health 92:263–272
46. Xiang J, Bi P, Pisaniello D, Hansen A (2014) The
impact of heatwaves on workers’ health and safety in
Adelaide, South Australia. Environ Res 133:90–95
47. Cusack L, De Crespigny C, Athanasos P (2011)
Heatwaves and their impact on people with alcohol,
drug and mental health conditions: a discussion paper
on clinical practice considerations. J Adv Nurs
67:915–922
48. Zuo J, Pullen S, Palmer J, Bennetts H, Chileshe N, Ma
T (2015) Impacts of heat waves and corresponding
measures: a review. J Clean Prod 92:1–12
49. Hatvani-Kovacs G, Belusko M, Pockett J, Boland
J (2018) Heat stress-resistant building design in the
Australian context. Energ Build 158:290–299
50. Snow M, Prasad D (2011) Climate change adaption for
building designers: an introduction. In: Environment
design guide. Australian Institute of Architects,
Victoria
51. Founda D, Pierros F, Petrakis M, Zerefos C (2015)
Interdecadal variations and trends of the Urban Heat
Island in Athens (Greece) and its response to heat
waves. Atmos Res 161–162:1–13
52. Aivalioti S (2015) Electricity sector adaptation to heat
waves. In: Columbia public law research paper. Sabin
Centre for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law
School
53. Smoyer-Tomic KE, Kuhn R, Hudson A (2002) Heat
wave hazards: an overview of heat wave impacts in
Canada. Nat Hazards 28:463–485
54. Nguyen M, Wang X, Chen D (2011) An investigation
of extreme heatwave events and their effects on building and infrastructure. In: CSIRO climate adaptation
working paper. CSIRO, Victoria
55. Wood T, Dundas G, Percival L (2019) Keep calm and
carry on: managing electricity reliability. In: Gratten
Institute Report, Gratten Institute, Victoria
56. Market Operations Performance (2009) Market event
report: record demand in South Australia and Victoria
28 to 31 January 2009. National Electricity Market
Management Company Limited, Victoria
474
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts