57. Dobney K, Baker CJ, Chapman L, Quinn AD
(2010) The future cost to the United Kingdom’s railway network of heat-related delays and buckles caused
by the predicted increase in high summer temperatures
owing to climate change. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part F J
Rail Rapid Transit 224:25–34
58. Yang GT, Bradford MA (2018) On train speed reduction in circumstances of thermally-induced railway
track buckling. Eng Fail Anal 92:107–120
59. Dobney K, Baker CJ, Quinn AD, Chapman L (2009)
Quantifying the effects of high summer temperatures
due to climate change on buckling and rail related
delays in south-east United Kingdom. Meteorol Appl
16:245–251
60. Natural Capital Economics (2018) Heatwaves in Victoria: a vulnerability assessment. Report for the
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria
61. Herold N, Ekström M, Kala J, Goldie J, Evans JP
(2018) Australian climate extremes in the 21st century
according to a regional climate model ensemble:
implications for health and agriculture. Weather Climate Extremes 20:54–68
62. Coumou D, Rahmstorf S (2012) A decade of weather
extremes. Nat Clim Chang 2:491–496
63. Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon
SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO (2000) Climate extremes:
observations, modeling, and impacts. Science
289:2068–2074
64. Parmesan C, Root TL, Willig MR (2000) Impacts of
extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bull
Am Meteorol Soc 81:443–450
65. Deo RC, McAlpine CA, Syktus J, McGowan HA,
Phinn S (2007) On Australian heat waves: time series
analysis of extreme temperature events in Australia,
1950–2005. In: Oxley L, Kulasiri D (eds) Modsim
2007: international congress on modelling and simulation: land, water and environmental management:
integrated systems for sustainability. Modelling &
Simulation Society of Australia & New Zealand Inc.,
Christchurch, pp 626–635
66. Tapper NJ (2012) Adapting urban environments to
climate change: a case study of Melbourne Australia.
In: Robertson M (ed) Schooling for sustainable development: a focus on Australia, New Zealand, and the
oceanic region. Springer Netherlands, Victoria,
pp 185–198
67. Zaidi RZ, Pelling M (2015) Institutionally configured
risk: assessing urban resilience and disaster risk reduction to heat wave risk in London. Urban Stud
52:1218–1233
68. Karl TR, Knight RW (1997) The 1995 Chicago heat
wave: how likely is a recurrence? Bull Am Meteorol
Soc 78:1107–1119
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts
475
(2010) The future cost to the United Kingdom’s railway network of heat-related delays and buckles caused
by the predicted increase in high summer temperatures
owing to climate change. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part F J
Rail Rapid Transit 224:25–34
58. Yang GT, Bradford MA (2018) On train speed reduction in circumstances of thermally-induced railway
track buckling. Eng Fail Anal 92:107–120
59. Dobney K, Baker CJ, Quinn AD, Chapman L (2009)
Quantifying the effects of high summer temperatures
due to climate change on buckling and rail related
delays in south-east United Kingdom. Meteorol Appl
16:245–251
60. Natural Capital Economics (2018) Heatwaves in Victoria: a vulnerability assessment. Report for the
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria
61. Herold N, Ekström M, Kala J, Goldie J, Evans JP
(2018) Australian climate extremes in the 21st century
according to a regional climate model ensemble:
implications for health and agriculture. Weather Climate Extremes 20:54–68
62. Coumou D, Rahmstorf S (2012) A decade of weather
extremes. Nat Clim Chang 2:491–496
63. Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon
SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO (2000) Climate extremes:
observations, modeling, and impacts. Science
289:2068–2074
64. Parmesan C, Root TL, Willig MR (2000) Impacts of
extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bull
Am Meteorol Soc 81:443–450
65. Deo RC, McAlpine CA, Syktus J, McGowan HA,
Phinn S (2007) On Australian heat waves: time series
analysis of extreme temperature events in Australia,
1950–2005. In: Oxley L, Kulasiri D (eds) Modsim
2007: international congress on modelling and simulation: land, water and environmental management:
integrated systems for sustainability. Modelling &
Simulation Society of Australia & New Zealand Inc.,
Christchurch, pp 626–635
66. Tapper NJ (2012) Adapting urban environments to
climate change: a case study of Melbourne Australia.
In: Robertson M (ed) Schooling for sustainable development: a focus on Australia, New Zealand, and the
oceanic region. Springer Netherlands, Victoria,
pp 185–198
67. Zaidi RZ, Pelling M (2015) Institutionally configured
risk: assessing urban resilience and disaster risk reduction to heat wave risk in London. Urban Stud
52:1218–1233
68. Karl TR, Knight RW (1997) The 1995 Chicago heat
wave: how likely is a recurrence? Bull Am Meteorol
Soc 78:1107–1119
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts
475