design. Hatvani-Kovacs et al. [49] show that heatresistant design is discouraged by Australia’s
Nationwide Energy Rating Scheme, leading to
an increased reliance on air conditioning than in
traditional buildings. Passive strategies for heatresistant design are recommended as an alternative to air conditioning reliance [43, 50].
Poor-quality housing is identified as increasing
vulnerability of populations to heat-related mortality, often tied to people from poor socioeconomic backgrounds [43].
The creation of urban heat islands (UHI) in
dense cities due to the removal of urban green
spaces has received some attention within
literature [48, 51], leading to increased rates of
mortality and heat-related illness [48]. It is noted
that through the relationship between the built
environment and UHI is not always clear:
reintroduction and irrigation of urban greenspaces
can reduce local temperatures [10]. Figure 3 demonstrates the impacts of heatwaves upon the built
environment, including a single external driver.
Energy
Extreme temperatures impact electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and demand
[52]. Heatwaves are a source of brownouts and
blackouts (or failure) [52]. Power failures have
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts, Table 2 Sector sensitivity to heatwaves. Sensitivity of different industries
to the impacts of heatwaves, as adapted from Forzieri et al. [34]
Sector
No
Low
Medium
Energy
Solar power plants
Wind power plants
Gas pipelines
Hydro power plants
Electricity distribution
Electricity transmission
Coal power plants
Gas power plants
Oil power plants
Nuclear power plants
Biomass power plants
Geothermal power plants
Transport
Inland waterways
Ports
Airports
Local roads
National roads
Motorways
Railways
Industry
Metal industry
Mineral industry
Chemical industry
Refineries
Social
Education
Health
Water and waste
Treatment
HEALTH
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
WATER
BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
EXTREME
TEMPERATURE
EVENTS
EXTERNAL DRIVERS
ENVIRONMENT
Measuring Heatwaves
and Their Impacts,
Fig. 1 Impact diagram
overview. Impact of
heatwaves upon different
sectors
464
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts
Nationwide Energy Rating Scheme, leading to
an increased reliance on air conditioning than in
traditional buildings. Passive strategies for heatresistant design are recommended as an alternative to air conditioning reliance [43, 50].
Poor-quality housing is identified as increasing
vulnerability of populations to heat-related mortality, often tied to people from poor socioeconomic backgrounds [43].
The creation of urban heat islands (UHI) in
dense cities due to the removal of urban green
spaces has received some attention within
literature [48, 51], leading to increased rates of
mortality and heat-related illness [48]. It is noted
that through the relationship between the built
environment and UHI is not always clear:
reintroduction and irrigation of urban greenspaces
can reduce local temperatures [10]. Figure 3 demonstrates the impacts of heatwaves upon the built
environment, including a single external driver.
Energy
Extreme temperatures impact electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and demand
[52]. Heatwaves are a source of brownouts and
blackouts (or failure) [52]. Power failures have
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts, Table 2 Sector sensitivity to heatwaves. Sensitivity of different industries
to the impacts of heatwaves, as adapted from Forzieri et al. [34]
Sector
No
Low
Medium
Energy
Solar power plants
Wind power plants
Gas pipelines
Hydro power plants
Electricity distribution
Electricity transmission
Coal power plants
Gas power plants
Oil power plants
Nuclear power plants
Biomass power plants
Geothermal power plants
Transport
Inland waterways
Ports
Airports
Local roads
National roads
Motorways
Railways
Industry
Metal industry
Mineral industry
Chemical industry
Refineries
Social
Education
Health
Water and waste
Treatment
HEALTH
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
WATER
BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
EXTREME
TEMPERATURE
EVENTS
EXTERNAL DRIVERS
ENVIRONMENT
Measuring Heatwaves
and Their Impacts,
Fig. 1 Impact diagram
overview. Impact of
heatwaves upon different
sectors
464
Measuring Heatwaves and Their Impacts