Air Quality Guidelines and Standards, Table 4
Comparison of mortality risk ratios (and 95% C.I.) for smoking and air pollution from the six cities and American Chemical
Society (ACS) Prospective Cohort Studies
Current smoker
a
Particulate air pollution (most vs least polluted city)
Cause of death
Six cities
ACS
Six cities (PM
2.5 )
ACS (PM
2.5 )
ACS (504)
All
2.00 (1.51–2.65)
2.07 (1.75–2.43)
1.25 (1.08–1.47)
1.17 (1.09–1.26)
1.15 (1.09–1.22)
Cardiopulmonary
2.30 (1.56–3.41)
2.28 (1.79–2.91)
1.37 (1.11–1.68)
1.31 (1.17–1.46)
1.26 (1.16–1.37)
Lung cancer
8.00 (2.97–21.6)
9.73 (5.96–15.9)
1.37 (0.81–2.31)
1.03 (0.80–1.33)
1.36 (1.11–1.66)
All others
1.46 (0.89–2.39)
1.54 (1.19–1.99)
1.01 (0.79–1.30)
1.07 (0.92–1.24)
1.01 (0.92–1.11)
Source: Adapted from Pope and Dockery [53]
a
Risk ratios for current cigarette smokers with approximately 25 pack-years (about average at enrollment for both studies) compared with never smokers
30
Air Quality Guidelines and Standards