27. Vingarzan R (2004) A review of surface ozone background levels and trends. Atmos Environ
38:3431–3442
28. Oltmans SJ, Lefohn AS, Harris JM, Shadwick DS
(2008) Background ozone levels of air entering the
west coast of the US and assessment of longer-term
changes. Atmos Environ 42(24):6020–6038. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.034
29. Chan CK, Yao X (2008) Air pollution in mega cities in
China. Atmos Environ 42(1):1–42. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
30. de Leeuw F, Bogman F (2001) Air pollution by ozone
in Europe in summer 2001. European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen
31. de Leeuw FAAM, de Paus TA (2000) Exceedance of
EC ozone threshold values in Europe in 1997. Water
Air Soil Pollut 128:255–281
32. Fowler D, Coyle M, Anderson R, Ashmore MR,
Bower JS, Burgess RA, Cape JN, Cox RA, Derwent
RG, Dollard GJ, Grennfelt P, Harrison RM, Hewitt
CN, Hov O, Jenkin ME, Lee DS, Maynard RL,
Penkett SA, Smith RI, Stedman JR, Weston KJ, Williams ML, Woods PJ (1997) Ozone in the United
Kingdom. Air and Environment Quality Division,
Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions, London, UK
33. Geddes JA, Murphy JG, Wang DK (2009) Long term
changes in nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in Toronto and the challenges facing local
ozone control. Atmos Environ 43:3407–3415
34. Sather ME, Cavender K (2007) Trends analysis of
ambient 8 hour ozone and precursor monitoring data
in the south central US. J Environ Monit
9(2):143–150. https://doi.org/10.1039/b617603h
35. Carvalho A, Monteiro A, Ribeiro I, Tchepel O,
Miranda AI, Borrego C, Saavedra S, Souto JA,
Casares JJ (2010) High ozone levels in the northeast
of Portugal: analysis and characterization. Atmos
Environ 44:1020–1031
36. Monks PS, Granier C, Fuzzi S, Stohl A, Williams ML,
Akimoto H, Amann M, Baklanov A, Baltensperger U,
Bey I, Blake N, Blake RS, Carslaw K, Cooper OR,
Dentener F, Fowler D, Fragkou E, Frost GJ,
Generoso S, Ginoux P, Grewe V, Guenther A, Hansson
HC, Henne S, Hjorth J, Hofzumahaus A, Huntrieser H,
Isaksen ISA, Jenkin ME, Kaiser J, Kanakidou M,
Klimont Z, Kulmala M, Laj P, Lawrence MG, Lee JD,
Liousse C, Maione M, McFiggans G, Metzger A,
Mieville A, Moussiopoulos N, Orlando JJ, O’Dowd
CD, Palmer PI, Parrish DD, Petzold A, Platt U,
Poschl U, Prevot ASH, Reeves CE, Reimann S,
Rudich Y, Sellegri K, Steinbrecher R, Simpson D, ten
Brink H, Theloke J, van der Werf GR, Vautard R,
Vestreng V, Vlachokostas C, von Glasow R (2009)
Atmospheric composition change – global and regional
air quality. Atmos Environ 43(33):5268–5350. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021
37. US EPA (2010b) United States Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
http://epa.gov/air/criteria.html
38. Pope CAI, Dockery DW (2006) Health effects of fine
particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste
Manage Assoc 56:709–742
39. EEA (2007) Air pollution in Europe 1990–2004. EEA
Report No2/2007. European Environment Agency,
Copenhagen
40. Tsigaridis K, Krol M, Dentener F, Balkanski Y,
Lathiere J, Metzger S, Hauglustaine D, Kanakidou
M (2006) Change in global aerosol composition since
preindustrial times. Atmos Chem Phys 6:5143–5162
41. Colvile R, Hutchinson E, Mindell J, Warren R (2001)
The transport sector as a source of air pollution. Atmos
Environ 35:1537–1565
42. Hewitt CN, Jackson AV (eds) (2009) Atmospheric
science for environmental scientists. Blackwell,
Chichester
43. Williams PI, Baltensperger U (2009) Particulate matter in the atmosphere. In: Hewitt CN, Jackson AV (eds)
Atmospheric science for environmental scientists.
Blackwell, Chichester
44. Poeschl U (2005) Atmospheric aerosols: composition,
transformation, climate and health effects. Angew
Chem Int Ed 44:7520–7540
45. Stone EA, Hedman CJ, Zhou JB, Mieritz M, Schauer
JJ (2010a) Insights into the nature of secondary
organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO
experiment 2006. Atmos Environ 44(3):312–319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.036
46. Stone EA, Zhou JB, Snyder DC, Rutter AP, Mieritz M,
Schauer JJ (2009) A comparison of summertime secondary organic aerosol source contributions at
contrasting urban locations. Environ Sci Technol
43(10):3448–3454. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8025209
47. von Schneidemesser E, Zhou JB, Stone EA, Schauer
JJ, Qasrawi R, Abdeen Z, Shpund J, Vanger A,
Sharf G, Moise T, Brenner S, Nassar K, Saleh R,
Al-Mahasneh QM, Sarnat JA (2010b) Seasonal and
spatial trends in the sources of fine particulate organic
carbon in Israel,Jordan,and Palestine. Atm Environ
44:3669–3678
48. Fuzzi S, Andreae MO, Huebert BJ, Kulmala M, Bond
TC, Boy M, Doherty SJ, Guenther A, Kanakidou M,
Kawamura K, Kerminen VM, Lohmann U, Russell
LM, Poschl U (2006) Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and
research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols
in the atmosphere, climate, and global change. Atmos
Chem Phys 6:2017–2038
49. Stone E, Schauer J, Quraishi TA, Mahmood A (2010b)
Chemical characterization and source apportionment
of fine and coarse particulate matter in Lahore,
Pakistan. Atmos Environ 44:1062–1070
50. Toscano G, Gambaro A, Moret I, Capodaglio G,
Turetta C, Cescon P (2005) Trace metals in aerosol at
Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. J Environ Monit
7:1275–1280
51. von Schneidemesser E, Stone EA, Quraishi TA, Shafer
MM, Schauer JJ (2010c) Toxic metals in the atmosphere
in Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 408(7):1640–1648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.022
370
Regional Air Quality
38:3431–3442
28. Oltmans SJ, Lefohn AS, Harris JM, Shadwick DS
(2008) Background ozone levels of air entering the
west coast of the US and assessment of longer-term
changes. Atmos Environ 42(24):6020–6038. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.034
29. Chan CK, Yao X (2008) Air pollution in mega cities in
China. Atmos Environ 42(1):1–42. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
30. de Leeuw F, Bogman F (2001) Air pollution by ozone
in Europe in summer 2001. European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen
31. de Leeuw FAAM, de Paus TA (2000) Exceedance of
EC ozone threshold values in Europe in 1997. Water
Air Soil Pollut 128:255–281
32. Fowler D, Coyle M, Anderson R, Ashmore MR,
Bower JS, Burgess RA, Cape JN, Cox RA, Derwent
RG, Dollard GJ, Grennfelt P, Harrison RM, Hewitt
CN, Hov O, Jenkin ME, Lee DS, Maynard RL,
Penkett SA, Smith RI, Stedman JR, Weston KJ, Williams ML, Woods PJ (1997) Ozone in the United
Kingdom. Air and Environment Quality Division,
Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions, London, UK
33. Geddes JA, Murphy JG, Wang DK (2009) Long term
changes in nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in Toronto and the challenges facing local
ozone control. Atmos Environ 43:3407–3415
34. Sather ME, Cavender K (2007) Trends analysis of
ambient 8 hour ozone and precursor monitoring data
in the south central US. J Environ Monit
9(2):143–150. https://doi.org/10.1039/b617603h
35. Carvalho A, Monteiro A, Ribeiro I, Tchepel O,
Miranda AI, Borrego C, Saavedra S, Souto JA,
Casares JJ (2010) High ozone levels in the northeast
of Portugal: analysis and characterization. Atmos
Environ 44:1020–1031
36. Monks PS, Granier C, Fuzzi S, Stohl A, Williams ML,
Akimoto H, Amann M, Baklanov A, Baltensperger U,
Bey I, Blake N, Blake RS, Carslaw K, Cooper OR,
Dentener F, Fowler D, Fragkou E, Frost GJ,
Generoso S, Ginoux P, Grewe V, Guenther A, Hansson
HC, Henne S, Hjorth J, Hofzumahaus A, Huntrieser H,
Isaksen ISA, Jenkin ME, Kaiser J, Kanakidou M,
Klimont Z, Kulmala M, Laj P, Lawrence MG, Lee JD,
Liousse C, Maione M, McFiggans G, Metzger A,
Mieville A, Moussiopoulos N, Orlando JJ, O’Dowd
CD, Palmer PI, Parrish DD, Petzold A, Platt U,
Poschl U, Prevot ASH, Reeves CE, Reimann S,
Rudich Y, Sellegri K, Steinbrecher R, Simpson D, ten
Brink H, Theloke J, van der Werf GR, Vautard R,
Vestreng V, Vlachokostas C, von Glasow R (2009)
Atmospheric composition change – global and regional
air quality. Atmos Environ 43(33):5268–5350. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021
37. US EPA (2010b) United States Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
http://epa.gov/air/criteria.html
38. Pope CAI, Dockery DW (2006) Health effects of fine
particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste
Manage Assoc 56:709–742
39. EEA (2007) Air pollution in Europe 1990–2004. EEA
Report No2/2007. European Environment Agency,
Copenhagen
40. Tsigaridis K, Krol M, Dentener F, Balkanski Y,
Lathiere J, Metzger S, Hauglustaine D, Kanakidou
M (2006) Change in global aerosol composition since
preindustrial times. Atmos Chem Phys 6:5143–5162
41. Colvile R, Hutchinson E, Mindell J, Warren R (2001)
The transport sector as a source of air pollution. Atmos
Environ 35:1537–1565
42. Hewitt CN, Jackson AV (eds) (2009) Atmospheric
science for environmental scientists. Blackwell,
Chichester
43. Williams PI, Baltensperger U (2009) Particulate matter in the atmosphere. In: Hewitt CN, Jackson AV (eds)
Atmospheric science for environmental scientists.
Blackwell, Chichester
44. Poeschl U (2005) Atmospheric aerosols: composition,
transformation, climate and health effects. Angew
Chem Int Ed 44:7520–7540
45. Stone EA, Hedman CJ, Zhou JB, Mieritz M, Schauer
JJ (2010a) Insights into the nature of secondary
organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO
experiment 2006. Atmos Environ 44(3):312–319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.036
46. Stone EA, Zhou JB, Snyder DC, Rutter AP, Mieritz M,
Schauer JJ (2009) A comparison of summertime secondary organic aerosol source contributions at
contrasting urban locations. Environ Sci Technol
43(10):3448–3454. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8025209
47. von Schneidemesser E, Zhou JB, Stone EA, Schauer
JJ, Qasrawi R, Abdeen Z, Shpund J, Vanger A,
Sharf G, Moise T, Brenner S, Nassar K, Saleh R,
Al-Mahasneh QM, Sarnat JA (2010b) Seasonal and
spatial trends in the sources of fine particulate organic
carbon in Israel,Jordan,and Palestine. Atm Environ
44:3669–3678
48. Fuzzi S, Andreae MO, Huebert BJ, Kulmala M, Bond
TC, Boy M, Doherty SJ, Guenther A, Kanakidou M,
Kawamura K, Kerminen VM, Lohmann U, Russell
LM, Poschl U (2006) Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and
research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols
in the atmosphere, climate, and global change. Atmos
Chem Phys 6:2017–2038
49. Stone E, Schauer J, Quraishi TA, Mahmood A (2010b)
Chemical characterization and source apportionment
of fine and coarse particulate matter in Lahore,
Pakistan. Atmos Environ 44:1062–1070
50. Toscano G, Gambaro A, Moret I, Capodaglio G,
Turetta C, Cescon P (2005) Trace metals in aerosol at
Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. J Environ Monit
7:1275–1280
51. von Schneidemesser E, Stone EA, Quraishi TA, Shafer
MM, Schauer JJ (2010c) Toxic metals in the atmosphere
in Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 408(7):1640–1648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.022
370
Regional Air Quality