52. Sillanpaa M, Frey A, Hillamo R, Pennanen AS,
Salonen RO (2005) Organic, elemental and inorganic
carbon in particulate matter of six urban environments
in Europe. Atmos Chem Phys 5:2869–2879
53. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
(2010) EMEP Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. http://www.emep.int/. Accessed
July 2010
54. EMEP (2009) Progress in activities in 2009 and future
work: measurements and modelling (acidifications,
eutrophication, photo-oxidants, heavy metals, particulate matter and persistant organic pollutants). Geneva
55. Fenger J (2009b) Urban air pollution. In: Hewitt CN,
Jackson AV (eds) Atmospheric science for environmental scientists. Blackwell, Chichester
56. Sillman S (1999) The relation between ozone, NOx
and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos Environ 33:1821–1845
57. Brunekreef B, Holgate ST (2002) Air pollution and
health. Lancet 360:1233–1242
58. Dockery DW, Pope CA III, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware
JH, Fay ME Jr, Ferris BG, Speizer FE (1993) An
association between air pollution and mortality in six
US cities. N Engl J Med 329(24):1753–1759
59. Pope CAI, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW,
Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath JCW (1995) Particulate
air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective
study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
151:669–674
60. COMEAP (2009) Long-term exposure to air pollution:
effect on mortality. Health Protection Agency for the
Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants,
Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
61. Pope CAI, Ezzati M, Dockery DW (2009) Fineparticulate air pollution and life expectancy in the
United States. N Engl J Med 360(4):376–386
62. Harrison RM (ed) (1999) Understanding our environment. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
63. Schauer JJ, Lough GC, Shafer MM, Christensen WF,
Arndt MF, DeMinter JT, Park J-S (2006) Characterization
of metals emitted from motor vehicles. HEI Research
Report, vol 133. Health Effects Institute, Boston
64. Viana M, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Querol X, Alastuey A, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Winiwarter W, Vallius A,
Szidat S, Prevot ASH, Hueglin C, Bloemen H,
Wahlin P, Vecchi R, Miranda AI, Kasper-Giebl A,
Maenhaut W, Hitzenberger R (2008) Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: a review of
methods and results. J Aerosol Sci 39(10):827–849.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.05.007
65. Chow JC, Watson JG (2002) Review of PM2.5 and
PM10 apportionment for fossil fuel combustion and
other sources by the chemical mass balance receptor
model. Energy Fuel 16(2):222–260. https://doi.org/
10.1021/ef0101715
66. von Schneidemesser E, Zhou JB, Stone EA, Schauer
JJ, Shpund J, Brenner S, Qasrawi R, Abdeen Z, Sarnat
JA (2010d) Spatial variability of carbonaceous aerosol
concentrations in East and West Jerusalem. Environ
Sci Technol 44:1911–1917
67. Ryan PH, LeMasters GK (2007) A review of land-use
regression models for characterizing intraurban air
pollution exposure. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl
1):127–133
68. Boznar MZ, Mlakar P (2002) Use of neural networks
in the field of air pollution modelling. In: Borrego C,
Shayes G (eds) Air pollution modelling and its application XV. Kluwer, Secaucus
69. EC (2010) European commission environment air
quality standards. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
air/quality/standards.htm
70. AQEG (2009) Ozone in the United Kingdom. Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
London
71. Penkett S, Clemitshaw K, Savage N, Burgess R,
Cardenas L, Carpenter L, McFadyen G, Cape
J (1999) Studies of oxidant production at the
weybourne atmospheric observatory in summer and
winter conditions. J Atmos Chem 33:111–128
72. Jenkin ME (2008) Trends in ozone concentration distributions in the UK since 1990: local, regional and
global influences. Atmos Environ 42:5434–5445
73. EEA (2001) Air pollution by ozone in Europe in
summer 2001. European Environment Agency,
Copenhagen
74. Denman KL, Brasseur G, Chidthaisong A, Ciais P,
Cox PM, Dickinson RE, Hauglustaine D, Heinze C,
Holland E, Jacob D, Lohmann U, Ramachandran S, da
Silva Dias PL, Wofsy SC, Zhang X (2007) Couplings
between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. Climate change 2007: the physical science
basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge/New York
75. Jacob DJ, Winner DA (2009) Effect of climate change
on air quality. Atmos Environ 43:51–63
76. US EPA (2009) Assessment of the impacts of global
change on regional U.S. air quality: a synthesis of
climate change impacts on ground-level ozone.
National Center for Environmental Assessment,
Washington DC
77. AQEG (2010) Air pollution: action in a changing
climate. Department for Environment Food and
Rural Affairs, London
78. Raes F, Seinfeld JH (2009) New directions: climate
change and air pollution abatement: a bumpy road.
Atmos Environ 43:5132–5133
79. Whitby KT, Cantrell BK (1976) Atmospheric aerosols: characteristics and measurement. International
Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment (ICESA), Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE). Las Vegas, NV. September 14–19,
1975
Books and Reviews
Brasseur GP, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS (1999) Atmospheric
chemistry and global change. Oxford University Press,
Oxford
Regional Air Quality
371
Salonen RO (2005) Organic, elemental and inorganic
carbon in particulate matter of six urban environments
in Europe. Atmos Chem Phys 5:2869–2879
53. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
(2010) EMEP Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. http://www.emep.int/. Accessed
July 2010
54. EMEP (2009) Progress in activities in 2009 and future
work: measurements and modelling (acidifications,
eutrophication, photo-oxidants, heavy metals, particulate matter and persistant organic pollutants). Geneva
55. Fenger J (2009b) Urban air pollution. In: Hewitt CN,
Jackson AV (eds) Atmospheric science for environmental scientists. Blackwell, Chichester
56. Sillman S (1999) The relation between ozone, NOx
and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos Environ 33:1821–1845
57. Brunekreef B, Holgate ST (2002) Air pollution and
health. Lancet 360:1233–1242
58. Dockery DW, Pope CA III, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware
JH, Fay ME Jr, Ferris BG, Speizer FE (1993) An
association between air pollution and mortality in six
US cities. N Engl J Med 329(24):1753–1759
59. Pope CAI, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW,
Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath JCW (1995) Particulate
air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective
study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
151:669–674
60. COMEAP (2009) Long-term exposure to air pollution:
effect on mortality. Health Protection Agency for the
Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants,
Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
61. Pope CAI, Ezzati M, Dockery DW (2009) Fineparticulate air pollution and life expectancy in the
United States. N Engl J Med 360(4):376–386
62. Harrison RM (ed) (1999) Understanding our environment. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
63. Schauer JJ, Lough GC, Shafer MM, Christensen WF,
Arndt MF, DeMinter JT, Park J-S (2006) Characterization
of metals emitted from motor vehicles. HEI Research
Report, vol 133. Health Effects Institute, Boston
64. Viana M, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Querol X, Alastuey A, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Winiwarter W, Vallius A,
Szidat S, Prevot ASH, Hueglin C, Bloemen H,
Wahlin P, Vecchi R, Miranda AI, Kasper-Giebl A,
Maenhaut W, Hitzenberger R (2008) Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: a review of
methods and results. J Aerosol Sci 39(10):827–849.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.05.007
65. Chow JC, Watson JG (2002) Review of PM2.5 and
PM10 apportionment for fossil fuel combustion and
other sources by the chemical mass balance receptor
model. Energy Fuel 16(2):222–260. https://doi.org/
10.1021/ef0101715
66. von Schneidemesser E, Zhou JB, Stone EA, Schauer
JJ, Shpund J, Brenner S, Qasrawi R, Abdeen Z, Sarnat
JA (2010d) Spatial variability of carbonaceous aerosol
concentrations in East and West Jerusalem. Environ
Sci Technol 44:1911–1917
67. Ryan PH, LeMasters GK (2007) A review of land-use
regression models for characterizing intraurban air
pollution exposure. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl
1):127–133
68. Boznar MZ, Mlakar P (2002) Use of neural networks
in the field of air pollution modelling. In: Borrego C,
Shayes G (eds) Air pollution modelling and its application XV. Kluwer, Secaucus
69. EC (2010) European commission environment air
quality standards. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
air/quality/standards.htm
70. AQEG (2009) Ozone in the United Kingdom. Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
London
71. Penkett S, Clemitshaw K, Savage N, Burgess R,
Cardenas L, Carpenter L, McFadyen G, Cape
J (1999) Studies of oxidant production at the
weybourne atmospheric observatory in summer and
winter conditions. J Atmos Chem 33:111–128
72. Jenkin ME (2008) Trends in ozone concentration distributions in the UK since 1990: local, regional and
global influences. Atmos Environ 42:5434–5445
73. EEA (2001) Air pollution by ozone in Europe in
summer 2001. European Environment Agency,
Copenhagen
74. Denman KL, Brasseur G, Chidthaisong A, Ciais P,
Cox PM, Dickinson RE, Hauglustaine D, Heinze C,
Holland E, Jacob D, Lohmann U, Ramachandran S, da
Silva Dias PL, Wofsy SC, Zhang X (2007) Couplings
between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. Climate change 2007: the physical science
basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge/New York
75. Jacob DJ, Winner DA (2009) Effect of climate change
on air quality. Atmos Environ 43:51–63
76. US EPA (2009) Assessment of the impacts of global
change on regional U.S. air quality: a synthesis of
climate change impacts on ground-level ozone.
National Center for Environmental Assessment,
Washington DC
77. AQEG (2010) Air pollution: action in a changing
climate. Department for Environment Food and
Rural Affairs, London
78. Raes F, Seinfeld JH (2009) New directions: climate
change and air pollution abatement: a bumpy road.
Atmos Environ 43:5132–5133
79. Whitby KT, Cantrell BK (1976) Atmospheric aerosols: characteristics and measurement. International
Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment (ICESA), Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE). Las Vegas, NV. September 14–19,
1975
Books and Reviews
Brasseur GP, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS (1999) Atmospheric
chemistry and global change. Oxford University Press,
Oxford
Regional Air Quality
371