would benefit from a sector-based approach
accounting for benefits for health, ecosystems,
climate, and mitigation costs. While the ideal
goal is to achieve win-win solutions for air pollution and climate, in some cases health improvements via reductions in pollutant emissions may
greatly outweigh possible negative effects on climate. This is particularly true of the developing
world where improving health and ensuring food
security currently have immediate priority over
the benefits of slowing the rate of climate change.
Nevertheless, the development of emission reduction strategies or cleaner energy alternatives for
both CO 2 and shortlived climate forcers (SLCFs)
are needed. There are clearly many challenges in
the area of air quality and climate and a need for
sound underpinning science across the spatial and
temporal scales that air quality and climate act on.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
1. WHO (2005) WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization Regional Office for
Europe, Copenhagen
2. Jacobson MZ (2002) Atmospheric pollution history,
science, and regulation. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
3. Fenger J (2009a) Air pollution in the last 50 years –
from local to global. Atmos Environ 43:13–22
4. Seinfeld JH (2004) Air pollution: a half century of
progress. Environ Energy Eng 50(6):1096–1108
5. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006a) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change,
2nd edn. Wiley, New York
6. Bradley KS, Stedman DH, Bishop GA (1999) A global
inventory of carbon monoxide emissions from motor
vehicles. Chemosphere Glob Change Sci 1:65–72
7. von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Duelmer PC
(2010a) Global comparison of VOC and CO observations in urban areas. Atmos Environ 44(37):4772–4816
8. Murrells T, Passant N, Thistlethwaite G, Wagner A,
Li Y, Bush T, Norris J, Walker C, Stewart R,
Tsagatakis I, Whiting R, Conolly C, Okamura S,
Peirce M, Sneddon S, Webb J, Thomas J,
MacCarthy J, Choudrie S, Brophy N (2010) UK emissions of air pollutants 1970 to 2008. AEA
9. Clerbaux C, Edwards DP, Deeter M, Emmons L,
Lamarque J-F, Tie XX, Massie ST, Gille J (2008) Carbon
monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed
by the Terra/MOPITT mission. Geophys Res Lett 35:
L03817. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032300
10. US EPA (2010a) Our Nation’s air, status and trends
through 2008. United States Environmental Protection
Agency
11. Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (2000) Chemistry of the
upper and lower atmosphere: theory, experiments, and
applications. Academic, San Diego/London
12. Gurjar BR, Butler TM, Lawrence MG, Lelieveld
J (2008) Evaluation of emissions and air quality in
megacities. Atmos Environ 42:1593–1606
13. Guttikunda SK, Tang Y, Charmichael GR, Kurata G,
Pan L, Streets DG, Woo J-H, Thongboonchoo N, Fried
A (2005) Impacts of Asian megacity emissions on
regional air quality during spring 2001. J Geophys
Res 110:D20301
14. Leighton PA (1961) The photochemistry of air pollution. Academic, New York
15. Soltic P, Weilenmann M (2003) NO2/NO emissions of
gasoline passenger cars and light-duty trucks with
Euro-2 emission standard. Atmos Environ
37:5207–5216
16. Carslaw DC (2005) Evidence of an increasing
NO2/NOx emissions ratio from road traffic emissions.
Atmos Environ 39:4793–4802
17. Stephens S, Madronich S, Wu F, Olson JB, Ramos R,
Retama A, Munoz R (2008) Weekly patterns of Mexico
City’s surface concentrations of CO, NOx, PM10 and O3
during 1986–2007. Atmos Chem Phys 8:5313–5325
18. Godish T (2004) Air quality, 4th edn. Lewis, Boca
Raton
19. Jacob DJ (1999) Introduction to atmospheric chemistry. Princeton University Press, Princeton
20. Watson JG, Chow JC, Fujita EM (2001) Review of
volatile organic compound source apportionment by
chemical mass balance. Atmos Environ 35:1567–1584
21. Baker AK, Beyersdorf AJ, Doezema LA,
Katzenstein A, Meinardi S, Simpson IJ, Blake DR,
Rowland FS (2008) Measurements of nonmethane
hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities. Atmos Environ 42:170–182
22. Borbon A, Locoge N, Veillerot M, Galloo JC,
Guillermo R (2002) Characterisation of NMHCs in a
French urban atmosphere: overview of the main
sources. Sci Total Environ 292:177–191
23. Bower J, Broughton G, Connolly C, Cook A, Grice S,
Kent A, Loader A, Stedman J, Targa J, Telling S,
Tsagatakis I, Vincent K, Willis P, F-w Y, Yardley
R (2009) Air pollution in the UK: 2008. AEA, Didcot
24. Dollard GJ, Dore CJ, Jenkin ME (2001) Ambient concentrations of 1, 3-butadiene in the UK. Chem Biol
Interact 135–136:177–206
25. Barletta B, Meinardi S, Roland FS, Chan C-Y,
Wang X, Zou S, Chan LY, Blake DR (2005) Volatile
organic compounds in 43 Chinese cities. Atmos Environ 39:5979–5990
26. Fischer H, Nikitas C, Parchatka U, Zenker T, Harris
GW, Matuska P, Schmitt R, Mihelcic D, Muesgen P,
Paetz HW, Schultz M, Thomas VA (1998) Trace gas
measurements during the oxidizing capacity of the
tropospheric atmosphere campaign 1993 at Izana.
J Geophys Res 103(D11):13505–513518
Regional Air Quality
369
accounting for benefits for health, ecosystems,
climate, and mitigation costs. While the ideal
goal is to achieve win-win solutions for air pollution and climate, in some cases health improvements via reductions in pollutant emissions may
greatly outweigh possible negative effects on climate. This is particularly true of the developing
world where improving health and ensuring food
security currently have immediate priority over
the benefits of slowing the rate of climate change.
Nevertheless, the development of emission reduction strategies or cleaner energy alternatives for
both CO 2 and shortlived climate forcers (SLCFs)
are needed. There are clearly many challenges in
the area of air quality and climate and a need for
sound underpinning science across the spatial and
temporal scales that air quality and climate act on.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
1. WHO (2005) WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization Regional Office for
Europe, Copenhagen
2. Jacobson MZ (2002) Atmospheric pollution history,
science, and regulation. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
3. Fenger J (2009a) Air pollution in the last 50 years –
from local to global. Atmos Environ 43:13–22
4. Seinfeld JH (2004) Air pollution: a half century of
progress. Environ Energy Eng 50(6):1096–1108
5. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006a) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change,
2nd edn. Wiley, New York
6. Bradley KS, Stedman DH, Bishop GA (1999) A global
inventory of carbon monoxide emissions from motor
vehicles. Chemosphere Glob Change Sci 1:65–72
7. von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Duelmer PC
(2010a) Global comparison of VOC and CO observations in urban areas. Atmos Environ 44(37):4772–4816
8. Murrells T, Passant N, Thistlethwaite G, Wagner A,
Li Y, Bush T, Norris J, Walker C, Stewart R,
Tsagatakis I, Whiting R, Conolly C, Okamura S,
Peirce M, Sneddon S, Webb J, Thomas J,
MacCarthy J, Choudrie S, Brophy N (2010) UK emissions of air pollutants 1970 to 2008. AEA
9. Clerbaux C, Edwards DP, Deeter M, Emmons L,
Lamarque J-F, Tie XX, Massie ST, Gille J (2008) Carbon
monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed
by the Terra/MOPITT mission. Geophys Res Lett 35:
L03817. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032300
10. US EPA (2010a) Our Nation’s air, status and trends
through 2008. United States Environmental Protection
Agency
11. Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (2000) Chemistry of the
upper and lower atmosphere: theory, experiments, and
applications. Academic, San Diego/London
12. Gurjar BR, Butler TM, Lawrence MG, Lelieveld
J (2008) Evaluation of emissions and air quality in
megacities. Atmos Environ 42:1593–1606
13. Guttikunda SK, Tang Y, Charmichael GR, Kurata G,
Pan L, Streets DG, Woo J-H, Thongboonchoo N, Fried
A (2005) Impacts of Asian megacity emissions on
regional air quality during spring 2001. J Geophys
Res 110:D20301
14. Leighton PA (1961) The photochemistry of air pollution. Academic, New York
15. Soltic P, Weilenmann M (2003) NO2/NO emissions of
gasoline passenger cars and light-duty trucks with
Euro-2 emission standard. Atmos Environ
37:5207–5216
16. Carslaw DC (2005) Evidence of an increasing
NO2/NOx emissions ratio from road traffic emissions.
Atmos Environ 39:4793–4802
17. Stephens S, Madronich S, Wu F, Olson JB, Ramos R,
Retama A, Munoz R (2008) Weekly patterns of Mexico
City’s surface concentrations of CO, NOx, PM10 and O3
during 1986–2007. Atmos Chem Phys 8:5313–5325
18. Godish T (2004) Air quality, 4th edn. Lewis, Boca
Raton
19. Jacob DJ (1999) Introduction to atmospheric chemistry. Princeton University Press, Princeton
20. Watson JG, Chow JC, Fujita EM (2001) Review of
volatile organic compound source apportionment by
chemical mass balance. Atmos Environ 35:1567–1584
21. Baker AK, Beyersdorf AJ, Doezema LA,
Katzenstein A, Meinardi S, Simpson IJ, Blake DR,
Rowland FS (2008) Measurements of nonmethane
hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities. Atmos Environ 42:170–182
22. Borbon A, Locoge N, Veillerot M, Galloo JC,
Guillermo R (2002) Characterisation of NMHCs in a
French urban atmosphere: overview of the main
sources. Sci Total Environ 292:177–191
23. Bower J, Broughton G, Connolly C, Cook A, Grice S,
Kent A, Loader A, Stedman J, Targa J, Telling S,
Tsagatakis I, Vincent K, Willis P, F-w Y, Yardley
R (2009) Air pollution in the UK: 2008. AEA, Didcot
24. Dollard GJ, Dore CJ, Jenkin ME (2001) Ambient concentrations of 1, 3-butadiene in the UK. Chem Biol
Interact 135–136:177–206
25. Barletta B, Meinardi S, Roland FS, Chan C-Y,
Wang X, Zou S, Chan LY, Blake DR (2005) Volatile
organic compounds in 43 Chinese cities. Atmos Environ 39:5979–5990
26. Fischer H, Nikitas C, Parchatka U, Zenker T, Harris
GW, Matuska P, Schmitt R, Mihelcic D, Muesgen P,
Paetz HW, Schultz M, Thomas VA (1998) Trace gas
measurements during the oxidizing capacity of the
tropospheric atmosphere campaign 1993 at Izana.
J Geophys Res 103(D11):13505–513518
Regional Air Quality
369