66. Larsen N, Knudsen BM, Svendsen SH, Deshler T,
Rosen JM, Kivi R, Weisser C, Schreiner J,
Mauersberger K, Cairo F, Ovarlez J, Oelhaf H,
Schmidt A (2004) Formation of solid particles in
synoptic-scale Arctic PSCs in early winter 2002/
2003. Atmos Chem Phys 4:2001–2013
67. Kőhler H (1936) The nucleus in and the growth of
hygroscopic droplets. Trans Farad Soc 32:1152–1161
68. Chylek P, Wong JGD (1998) Erroneous use of the
modified Köhler equation in cloud and aerosol physics application. J Atmos Sci 55:1473–1477
69. Pruppacher H, Klett J (1997) Microphysics of clouds
and precipitation, atmospheric and oceanographic
sciences library; v. 18, Kluwer, Dordrecht; London,
includes bibliographical references and index
Previous ed.: 1978 “With an introduction to cloud
chemistry and cloud electricity”
70. Rogers RR, Yau MK (1989) A short course in cloud
physics, vol. 113, International Series in Natural Philosophy, 3rd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn
71. Twomey S (1977) The influence of pollution on shortwave albedo of clouds. J Atmos Sci 34:1149–1152
72. Twomey S (1977) Atmospheric aerosols. Elsevier,
New York
73. McFiggans G, Artaxo P, Baltensperger U, Coe H,
Facchini MC, Feingold G, Fuzzi S, Gysel M,
Laaksonen A, Lohman U, Mentel TF, Murphy DM,
O’Dowd CD, Snider JR, Weingartner E (2006) The
effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on
warm cloud droplet activation. Atmos Chem Phys 6:
2593–2649
74. Vali G (1996) Ice nucleation – a review. In:
Kulmula M, Wagner P (eds) Nucleation and atmospheric aerosols. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 271–279
75. Bohren CF, Huffman D (1983) Absorption and
scattering of light by small particles. Wiley,
New York
76. Schulz M, Textor C, Kinne S, Balkanski Y, Bauer S,
Berntsen T, Berglen T, Boucher O, Dentener F,
Guibert S, Isaksen ISA, Iversen T, Koch D,
Kirkevåg A, Liu X, Montanaro V, Myhre G, Penner
JE, Pitari G, Reddy S, Seland O, Stier P, Takemura
T (2006) Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived
from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial
simulations. Atmos Chem Phys 6:5225–5246
77. Bellouin N, Jones A, Haywood J, Christopher SA
(2008) Updated estimate of aerosol direct radiative
forcing from satellite observations and comparison
against the Hadley Centre Climate Model. J Geophys
Res 113(D10): D10205
78. Albrecht BA (1989) Aerosols, cloud microphysics,
and fractional cloudiness. Science 245:1227–1230
79. Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R (1997) Radiative forcing
and climate response. J Geophys Res 102:6831–6864
80. Jacobson MZ (2002) Control of fossil fuel particulate
black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most
effective method of slowing global warming.
J Geophys Resh 107. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2001JD001376
81. Menon S, Hansen J, Nazarenko L, Luo Y (2002)
Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China
and India. Science 297:2250–2252
82. Penner JE, Zhang SY, Chuang CC (2003) Soot and
smoke aerosols may not warm climate. J Geophys Res
108(21):4657. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003409
83. Lohmann U (2002) Possible aerosol effects on ice
clouds via contact nucleation. J Atmos Sci
59:647–656
84. Girard E, Blanchet J-P, Dubois Y (2004) Effects of
arctic sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime low-level
atmospheric ice crystals, humidity and temperature at
Alert, Nunavut. Atmos Res 73:131–148
85. Rosenfeld D, Woodley WL (2000) Deep convective
clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down
to – 37.5
C. Nature 405:440–442
86. Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T,
Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe DC,
Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van
Dorland R (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D,
Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB,
Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007:
the physical science basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK/New York
87. Rosenfeld D, Kaufman YJ, Koren I (2006) Switching
cloud cover and dynamical regimes from open to
closed Benard cells in response to the suppression
of precipitation by aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys
6:2503–2513
88. Rosenfeld D (2006) Aerosol–cloud interactions control of earth radiation and latent heat release budgets.
Space Sci Rev 125:149–157
89. Rosenfeld D, Lohmann U, Raga GB, O’Dowd CD,
Kulmala M, Fuzzi S, Reissell A, Andreae MO
(2008) Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect
precipitation? Science 231. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1160606
90. Liepert BG (2002) Observed reductions of surface
solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Geophys Res Lett 29.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014910
91. Wild M, Ohmura A, Gilgen H, Rosenfeld D (2004)
On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle. Geophys Res Lett 31:L11201. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019188
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere
277
Rosen JM, Kivi R, Weisser C, Schreiner J,
Mauersberger K, Cairo F, Ovarlez J, Oelhaf H,
Schmidt A (2004) Formation of solid particles in
synoptic-scale Arctic PSCs in early winter 2002/
2003. Atmos Chem Phys 4:2001–2013
67. Kőhler H (1936) The nucleus in and the growth of
hygroscopic droplets. Trans Farad Soc 32:1152–1161
68. Chylek P, Wong JGD (1998) Erroneous use of the
modified Köhler equation in cloud and aerosol physics application. J Atmos Sci 55:1473–1477
69. Pruppacher H, Klett J (1997) Microphysics of clouds
and precipitation, atmospheric and oceanographic
sciences library; v. 18, Kluwer, Dordrecht; London,
includes bibliographical references and index
Previous ed.: 1978 “With an introduction to cloud
chemistry and cloud electricity”
70. Rogers RR, Yau MK (1989) A short course in cloud
physics, vol. 113, International Series in Natural Philosophy, 3rd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn
71. Twomey S (1977) The influence of pollution on shortwave albedo of clouds. J Atmos Sci 34:1149–1152
72. Twomey S (1977) Atmospheric aerosols. Elsevier,
New York
73. McFiggans G, Artaxo P, Baltensperger U, Coe H,
Facchini MC, Feingold G, Fuzzi S, Gysel M,
Laaksonen A, Lohman U, Mentel TF, Murphy DM,
O’Dowd CD, Snider JR, Weingartner E (2006) The
effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on
warm cloud droplet activation. Atmos Chem Phys 6:
2593–2649
74. Vali G (1996) Ice nucleation – a review. In:
Kulmula M, Wagner P (eds) Nucleation and atmospheric aerosols. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 271–279
75. Bohren CF, Huffman D (1983) Absorption and
scattering of light by small particles. Wiley,
New York
76. Schulz M, Textor C, Kinne S, Balkanski Y, Bauer S,
Berntsen T, Berglen T, Boucher O, Dentener F,
Guibert S, Isaksen ISA, Iversen T, Koch D,
Kirkevåg A, Liu X, Montanaro V, Myhre G, Penner
JE, Pitari G, Reddy S, Seland O, Stier P, Takemura
T (2006) Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived
from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial
simulations. Atmos Chem Phys 6:5225–5246
77. Bellouin N, Jones A, Haywood J, Christopher SA
(2008) Updated estimate of aerosol direct radiative
forcing from satellite observations and comparison
against the Hadley Centre Climate Model. J Geophys
Res 113(D10): D10205
78. Albrecht BA (1989) Aerosols, cloud microphysics,
and fractional cloudiness. Science 245:1227–1230
79. Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R (1997) Radiative forcing
and climate response. J Geophys Res 102:6831–6864
80. Jacobson MZ (2002) Control of fossil fuel particulate
black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most
effective method of slowing global warming.
J Geophys Resh 107. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2001JD001376
81. Menon S, Hansen J, Nazarenko L, Luo Y (2002)
Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China
and India. Science 297:2250–2252
82. Penner JE, Zhang SY, Chuang CC (2003) Soot and
smoke aerosols may not warm climate. J Geophys Res
108(21):4657. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003409
83. Lohmann U (2002) Possible aerosol effects on ice
clouds via contact nucleation. J Atmos Sci
59:647–656
84. Girard E, Blanchet J-P, Dubois Y (2004) Effects of
arctic sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime low-level
atmospheric ice crystals, humidity and temperature at
Alert, Nunavut. Atmos Res 73:131–148
85. Rosenfeld D, Woodley WL (2000) Deep convective
clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down
to – 37.5
C. Nature 405:440–442
86. Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T,
Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe DC,
Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van
Dorland R (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D,
Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB,
Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007:
the physical science basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK/New York
87. Rosenfeld D, Kaufman YJ, Koren I (2006) Switching
cloud cover and dynamical regimes from open to
closed Benard cells in response to the suppression
of precipitation by aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys
6:2503–2513
88. Rosenfeld D (2006) Aerosol–cloud interactions control of earth radiation and latent heat release budgets.
Space Sci Rev 125:149–157
89. Rosenfeld D, Lohmann U, Raga GB, O’Dowd CD,
Kulmala M, Fuzzi S, Reissell A, Andreae MO
(2008) Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect
precipitation? Science 231. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1160606
90. Liepert BG (2002) Observed reductions of surface
solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Geophys Res Lett 29.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014910
91. Wild M, Ohmura A, Gilgen H, Rosenfeld D (2004)
On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle. Geophys Res Lett 31:L11201. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019188
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere
277