of the world, vol 16. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp 341–392
44. Andreae MO, Merlet P (2001) Emission of trace
gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Glob
Biogeochem Cycles 15:955–966
45. Bauer SE et al (2007) Nitrate aerosols today and in
2030: a global simulation including aerosols and
tropospheric ozone. Atmos Chem Phys 7:5043–5059
46. Bond TC et al (2004) A technology-based global
inventory of black and organic carbon emissions
from combustion. J Geophys Res 109(D14):
D14203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697
47. Guelle W, Schulz M, Balkanski Y, Dentener F (2001)
Influence of the source formulation on modeling the
atmospheric global distribution of sea salt aerosol.
J Geophys Res 106(D21):27,509–27,524
48. Gong SL, Barrie LA, Lazare M (2002) Canadian
Aerosol Module (CAM): a size segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and
air quality models – 2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its
budgets. J Geophys Res 107(D24):4779. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2001JD002004
49. Ito A, Penner JE (2005) Historical emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and fossil fuel burning
for the period 1870–2000. Glob Biogeochem Cycles
19:GB2028. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002374
50. Junker C, Liousse C (2006) A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of
fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period
1860–1997.
Atmos
Chem
Phys
Discuss
4:4897–4927
51. Luo C, Mahowald NM, del Corral J (2003) Sensitivity study of meteorological parameters on mineral
aerosol mobilization, transport, and distribution.
J Geophys Res 108(D15):4447. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2003JD003483
52. Liousse C et al (2004) Deriving global quantitative
estimates for spatial and temporal distributions of
biomass burning emissions. In: Granier C, Artaxo P,
Reeves CE (eds) Emissions of atmospheric trace
compounds. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 71–113
53. Penner JE et al (2001) Aerosols, their direct and
indirect effects. In: Houghton JT et al (eds) Climate
change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the third assessment report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge
University
Press,
Cambridge,
pp 289–348
54. Stier P et al (2005) The aerosol–climate model
ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos Chem Phys 5:1125–1156
55. Zender CS, Miller RL, Tegen I (2004) Quantifying
mineral dust mass budgets: terminology, constraints,
and current estimates. Eos Trans AGU
85(48):509–512
56. Vignati E, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Scannell C,
Ceburnis D, Sciare J, Kanakidou M, Myriokefalitakis S,
Dentener F, O’Dowd CD (2010) Global scale emission
and distribution of sea spray aerosol: sea-salt and organic
enrichment. Atmos Environ 44:670–677
57. Kinne S, Schulz M, Textor C, Guibert S, Bauer S,
Berntsen T, Berglen T, Boucher O, Chin M,
Collins W, Dentener F, Diehl T, Easter R,
Feichter J, Fillmore D, Ghan S, Ginoux P, Gong S,
Grini A, Hendricks J, Herzog M, Horowitz L,
Isaksen I, Iversen T, Koch D, Krol M, Lauer A,
Lamarque JF, Lesins G, Liu X, Lohmann U,
Montanaro V, Myhre G, Penner J, Pitari G,
Reddy S, Seland O, Stier P,Takemura T,Tie
X (2006) An AeroCom initial assessment – optical
properties in aerosol component modules of global
models, Atmos Chem Phys, 6 1–22
58. Dall’Osto M, Ceburnis D, Martucci G, Bialek J,
Dupuy R, Jennings SG, Berresheim H, Wenger JC,
Healy RM, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Giulianelli L,
Finessi E, Worsnop D, Ehn M, Mikkila J,
Kulmala M, Sodeau J, O’Dowd CD (2010) Aerosol
properties associated with air masses arriving into the
North East Atlantic during the 2008 Mace Head
EUCAARI intensive observing period: an overview.
Atmos Chem Phys 10:8413–8435. https://doi.org/
10.5194/acp-10-8413-2010
59. Lauer A, Hendricks J (2006) Simulating aerosol
microphysics with the ECHAM/MADE GCM –
part II: results from a first multiannual integration.
Atmos Chem Phys 6:5495–5513
60. Deshler T (2008) A review of global stratospheric
aerosol: measurements, importance, life cycle, and
local stratospheric aerosol. Atmos Res 90:223–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.016
61. Rosen JM (1971) The boiling point of stratospheric
aerosols. J Appl Meteorol 10:1044–1046
62. Carslaw KS, Luo BP, Clegg SL, Peter Th,
Brimblecombe P, Crutzen PJ (1994) Stratospheric
aerosol growth and HNO3 and water uptake by liquid
particles. Geophys Res Lett 21:2479–2482
63. Hanson DR, Mauersberger K (1988) Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: implication for the south
polar stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 15:855–858
64. Deshler T, Larsen N, Weisser C, Schreiner J,
Mauersberger K, Cairo F, Adriani A, Di
Donfrancesco G, Ovarlez J, Ovarlez H, Blum U,
Fricke KH, Dörnbrack A (2003b) Large nitric acid
particles at the top of an Arctic stratospheric cloud.
J Geophys Res 108(D16):4517. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2003JD003479
65. Fahey DW et al (2001) The detection of large HNO 3 -
containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere.
Science 291: 1026–1031
276
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere
pp 341–392
44. Andreae MO, Merlet P (2001) Emission of trace
gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Glob
Biogeochem Cycles 15:955–966
45. Bauer SE et al (2007) Nitrate aerosols today and in
2030: a global simulation including aerosols and
tropospheric ozone. Atmos Chem Phys 7:5043–5059
46. Bond TC et al (2004) A technology-based global
inventory of black and organic carbon emissions
from combustion. J Geophys Res 109(D14):
D14203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697
47. Guelle W, Schulz M, Balkanski Y, Dentener F (2001)
Influence of the source formulation on modeling the
atmospheric global distribution of sea salt aerosol.
J Geophys Res 106(D21):27,509–27,524
48. Gong SL, Barrie LA, Lazare M (2002) Canadian
Aerosol Module (CAM): a size segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and
air quality models – 2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its
budgets. J Geophys Res 107(D24):4779. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2001JD002004
49. Ito A, Penner JE (2005) Historical emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and fossil fuel burning
for the period 1870–2000. Glob Biogeochem Cycles
19:GB2028. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002374
50. Junker C, Liousse C (2006) A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of
fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period
1860–1997.
Atmos
Chem
Phys
Discuss
4:4897–4927
51. Luo C, Mahowald NM, del Corral J (2003) Sensitivity study of meteorological parameters on mineral
aerosol mobilization, transport, and distribution.
J Geophys Res 108(D15):4447. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2003JD003483
52. Liousse C et al (2004) Deriving global quantitative
estimates for spatial and temporal distributions of
biomass burning emissions. In: Granier C, Artaxo P,
Reeves CE (eds) Emissions of atmospheric trace
compounds. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 71–113
53. Penner JE et al (2001) Aerosols, their direct and
indirect effects. In: Houghton JT et al (eds) Climate
change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the third assessment report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge
University
Press,
Cambridge,
pp 289–348
54. Stier P et al (2005) The aerosol–climate model
ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos Chem Phys 5:1125–1156
55. Zender CS, Miller RL, Tegen I (2004) Quantifying
mineral dust mass budgets: terminology, constraints,
and current estimates. Eos Trans AGU
85(48):509–512
56. Vignati E, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Scannell C,
Ceburnis D, Sciare J, Kanakidou M, Myriokefalitakis S,
Dentener F, O’Dowd CD (2010) Global scale emission
and distribution of sea spray aerosol: sea-salt and organic
enrichment. Atmos Environ 44:670–677
57. Kinne S, Schulz M, Textor C, Guibert S, Bauer S,
Berntsen T, Berglen T, Boucher O, Chin M,
Collins W, Dentener F, Diehl T, Easter R,
Feichter J, Fillmore D, Ghan S, Ginoux P, Gong S,
Grini A, Hendricks J, Herzog M, Horowitz L,
Isaksen I, Iversen T, Koch D, Krol M, Lauer A,
Lamarque JF, Lesins G, Liu X, Lohmann U,
Montanaro V, Myhre G, Penner J, Pitari G,
Reddy S, Seland O, Stier P,Takemura T,Tie
X (2006) An AeroCom initial assessment – optical
properties in aerosol component modules of global
models, Atmos Chem Phys, 6 1–22
58. Dall’Osto M, Ceburnis D, Martucci G, Bialek J,
Dupuy R, Jennings SG, Berresheim H, Wenger JC,
Healy RM, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Giulianelli L,
Finessi E, Worsnop D, Ehn M, Mikkila J,
Kulmala M, Sodeau J, O’Dowd CD (2010) Aerosol
properties associated with air masses arriving into the
North East Atlantic during the 2008 Mace Head
EUCAARI intensive observing period: an overview.
Atmos Chem Phys 10:8413–8435. https://doi.org/
10.5194/acp-10-8413-2010
59. Lauer A, Hendricks J (2006) Simulating aerosol
microphysics with the ECHAM/MADE GCM –
part II: results from a first multiannual integration.
Atmos Chem Phys 6:5495–5513
60. Deshler T (2008) A review of global stratospheric
aerosol: measurements, importance, life cycle, and
local stratospheric aerosol. Atmos Res 90:223–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.016
61. Rosen JM (1971) The boiling point of stratospheric
aerosols. J Appl Meteorol 10:1044–1046
62. Carslaw KS, Luo BP, Clegg SL, Peter Th,
Brimblecombe P, Crutzen PJ (1994) Stratospheric
aerosol growth and HNO3 and water uptake by liquid
particles. Geophys Res Lett 21:2479–2482
63. Hanson DR, Mauersberger K (1988) Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: implication for the south
polar stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 15:855–858
64. Deshler T, Larsen N, Weisser C, Schreiner J,
Mauersberger K, Cairo F, Adriani A, Di
Donfrancesco G, Ovarlez J, Ovarlez H, Blum U,
Fricke KH, Dörnbrack A (2003b) Large nitric acid
particles at the top of an Arctic stratospheric cloud.
J Geophys Res 108(D16):4517. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2003JD003479
65. Fahey DW et al (2001) The detection of large HNO 3 -
containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere.
Science 291: 1026–1031
276
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere