14. IEA (1998a) Energy statistics of OECD countries.
International Energy Agency, Paris
15. IEA (1998b) Energy statistics of non-OECD countries. International Energy Agency, Paris
16. Watson JG et al (1994) Differences in the carbon
composition of source profiles for diesel-powered
and gasoline-powered vehicles. Atmos Environ
28(15):2493–2505
17. O’Dowd CD, Aalto P, Hämeri K, Kulmala M, Hoffmann T (2002) Atmospheric particles from organic
Vapours. Nature 416: 497–498
18. Oxtoby DW, Kashchiev D (1994) A general relation
between the nucleation work and the size of the
nucleus in multicomponent nucleation. J Chem
Phys 100(10):7665–7767
19. Riipinen I et al (2007) Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation
during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and
Hyytiälä. Atmos Chem Phys 7(8):1899–1914
20. Weber RJ et al (1997) Measurements of new particle
formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a
clean continental site. J Geophys Res-Atmos
102(D4):4375–4385
21. McMurry PH, Friedlander SK (1979) New particle
formation in the presence of an aerosol. Atmos Environ 13(12):1635–1651
22. Kulmala M et al (2004) Formation and growth rates
of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J Aerosol Sci 35(2):143–176
23. Kulmala M, Kerminen V-M, Anttila T, Laaksonen A,
O’Dowd CD (2004) Organic aerosol formation via
sulphate cluster activation. J Geophys Res 109:
D04205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003961
24. Bonn B, Kulmala M, Riipinen I, Sihto SL,
Ruuskanen TM (2008) How biogenic terpenes govern the correlation between sulfuric acid concentrations and new particle formation. J Geophys ResAtmos
113:D12209.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007JD009327
25. Metzger A, Verheggen B, Dommena J, Duplissya J,
Prevota ASH, Weingartner E, Riipinen I, Kulmala M,
Spracklen DV, Carslaw KS, Baltensperger U (2010)
Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle
formation under atmospheric conditions. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.0911330107
26. O’Dowd CD, Jimenez JL, Bahreini R, Flagan RC,
Seinfeld JH, Pirjola L, Kulmala M, Jennings SG,
Hoffmann T (2002) Marine particle formation from
biogenic iodine emissions. Nature 417:632–636
27. O’Dowd CD, Geever M, Hill MK, Jennings SG,
Smith MH (1998) New particle formation: spatial
scales and nucleation rates in the coastal environment. Geophys Res Lett 25:1661–1664
28. O’Dowd CD (2001) Biogenic coastal aerosol production and its influence on aerosol radiative properties. J Geophys Res 106:1545–1550
29. Hegg DA, Hobbs PV (1982) Measurement of sulphate production in natural clouds. Atmos Environ
16:2663–2668
30. O’Dowd CD, Lowe JA, Clegg N, Clegg SL, Smith
MH (2000) Modelling heterogeneous sulphate production in maritime stratiform clouds. J Geophys Res
105:7143–7160
31. Henze DK, Seinfeld JH (2007) Global modeling of
secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic
hydrocarbons: high- vs low-yield pathways. Atmos
Chem Phys Discuss 7:14569–14601
32. Szidat S, Jenk TM, Synal HA, Kalberer M, Wacker L,
Hajdas I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U (2006)
Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and
biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in
Zurich as traced by 14C. J Geophys Res 111:
D07206. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006590
33. Kroll JH, Ng NL, Murphy SM, Flagan RC, Seinfeld
JH (2005) Secondary organic aerosol formation from
isoprene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions.
Geophys Res Lett 32:L18808. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2005GL023637
34. Decesari S, Mircea M, Cavalli F, Fuzzi S,
Tagliavini E, Facchini MC (2007) Source attribution
of water-soluble organic aerosol by nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol
41:2479–2484. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061711l
35. Claeys M et al (2004a) Formation of secondary
organic aerosol through photooxidation of isoprene.
Science 303:1173–1176
36. Claeys M, Wang W, Ion AC, Kourtchev I,
Gelencsér A, Maenhaut W (2004b) Formation of
secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and gasphase oxidation products through reaction with
hydrogen peroxide. Atmos Environ 38:4093–4098
37. Limbeck A, Kulmala M, Puxbaum H (2003) Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere via
heterogeneous reaction of gaseous isoprene on acidic
particles. Geophys Res Lett 30(19):1996. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2003GL017738
38. Jang M, Czoschke NM, Lee S, Kamens RM
(2002) Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle phase reactions. Science 298:814
39. Kalberer M et al (2004) Identification of polymers as
major components of atmospheric organic aerosols.
Science 303:1659–1662
40. Ervens B, Feingold G, Frost GJ, Kreidenweis SM
(2004) A modeling study of aqueous production of
dicarboxylic acids: 1. Chemical pathways and
speciated organic mass production. J Geophys Res
109:D15205.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2003JD004387
41. Jimenez JL et al (2009) Evolution of organic aerosols
in the atmosphere. Science 326:1525. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1180353
42. Andreae, MO, Rosenfeld D (2008) Aerosol–cloud–
precipitation interactions. Part 1, The nature and
sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth-Sci Rev,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001
43. Andreae MO (1995) Climatic effects of changing
atmospheric aerosol levels. In: Henderson-Sellers
A (ed) World survey of climatology. Future climates
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere
275
International Energy Agency, Paris
15. IEA (1998b) Energy statistics of non-OECD countries. International Energy Agency, Paris
16. Watson JG et al (1994) Differences in the carbon
composition of source profiles for diesel-powered
and gasoline-powered vehicles. Atmos Environ
28(15):2493–2505
17. O’Dowd CD, Aalto P, Hämeri K, Kulmala M, Hoffmann T (2002) Atmospheric particles from organic
Vapours. Nature 416: 497–498
18. Oxtoby DW, Kashchiev D (1994) A general relation
between the nucleation work and the size of the
nucleus in multicomponent nucleation. J Chem
Phys 100(10):7665–7767
19. Riipinen I et al (2007) Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation
during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and
Hyytiälä. Atmos Chem Phys 7(8):1899–1914
20. Weber RJ et al (1997) Measurements of new particle
formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a
clean continental site. J Geophys Res-Atmos
102(D4):4375–4385
21. McMurry PH, Friedlander SK (1979) New particle
formation in the presence of an aerosol. Atmos Environ 13(12):1635–1651
22. Kulmala M et al (2004) Formation and growth rates
of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J Aerosol Sci 35(2):143–176
23. Kulmala M, Kerminen V-M, Anttila T, Laaksonen A,
O’Dowd CD (2004) Organic aerosol formation via
sulphate cluster activation. J Geophys Res 109:
D04205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003961
24. Bonn B, Kulmala M, Riipinen I, Sihto SL,
Ruuskanen TM (2008) How biogenic terpenes govern the correlation between sulfuric acid concentrations and new particle formation. J Geophys ResAtmos
113:D12209.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007JD009327
25. Metzger A, Verheggen B, Dommena J, Duplissya J,
Prevota ASH, Weingartner E, Riipinen I, Kulmala M,
Spracklen DV, Carslaw KS, Baltensperger U (2010)
Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle
formation under atmospheric conditions. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.0911330107
26. O’Dowd CD, Jimenez JL, Bahreini R, Flagan RC,
Seinfeld JH, Pirjola L, Kulmala M, Jennings SG,
Hoffmann T (2002) Marine particle formation from
biogenic iodine emissions. Nature 417:632–636
27. O’Dowd CD, Geever M, Hill MK, Jennings SG,
Smith MH (1998) New particle formation: spatial
scales and nucleation rates in the coastal environment. Geophys Res Lett 25:1661–1664
28. O’Dowd CD (2001) Biogenic coastal aerosol production and its influence on aerosol radiative properties. J Geophys Res 106:1545–1550
29. Hegg DA, Hobbs PV (1982) Measurement of sulphate production in natural clouds. Atmos Environ
16:2663–2668
30. O’Dowd CD, Lowe JA, Clegg N, Clegg SL, Smith
MH (2000) Modelling heterogeneous sulphate production in maritime stratiform clouds. J Geophys Res
105:7143–7160
31. Henze DK, Seinfeld JH (2007) Global modeling of
secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic
hydrocarbons: high- vs low-yield pathways. Atmos
Chem Phys Discuss 7:14569–14601
32. Szidat S, Jenk TM, Synal HA, Kalberer M, Wacker L,
Hajdas I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U (2006)
Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and
biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in
Zurich as traced by 14C. J Geophys Res 111:
D07206. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006590
33. Kroll JH, Ng NL, Murphy SM, Flagan RC, Seinfeld
JH (2005) Secondary organic aerosol formation from
isoprene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions.
Geophys Res Lett 32:L18808. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2005GL023637
34. Decesari S, Mircea M, Cavalli F, Fuzzi S,
Tagliavini E, Facchini MC (2007) Source attribution
of water-soluble organic aerosol by nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol
41:2479–2484. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061711l
35. Claeys M et al (2004a) Formation of secondary
organic aerosol through photooxidation of isoprene.
Science 303:1173–1176
36. Claeys M, Wang W, Ion AC, Kourtchev I,
Gelencsér A, Maenhaut W (2004b) Formation of
secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and gasphase oxidation products through reaction with
hydrogen peroxide. Atmos Environ 38:4093–4098
37. Limbeck A, Kulmala M, Puxbaum H (2003) Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere via
heterogeneous reaction of gaseous isoprene on acidic
particles. Geophys Res Lett 30(19):1996. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2003GL017738
38. Jang M, Czoschke NM, Lee S, Kamens RM
(2002) Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle phase reactions. Science 298:814
39. Kalberer M et al (2004) Identification of polymers as
major components of atmospheric organic aerosols.
Science 303:1659–1662
40. Ervens B, Feingold G, Frost GJ, Kreidenweis SM
(2004) A modeling study of aqueous production of
dicarboxylic acids: 1. Chemical pathways and
speciated organic mass production. J Geophys Res
109:D15205.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2003JD004387
41. Jimenez JL et al (2009) Evolution of organic aerosols
in the atmosphere. Science 326:1525. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1180353
42. Andreae, MO, Rosenfeld D (2008) Aerosol–cloud–
precipitation interactions. Part 1, The nature and
sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth-Sci Rev,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001
43. Andreae MO (1995) Climatic effects of changing
atmospheric aerosol levels. In: Henderson-Sellers
A (ed) World survey of climatology. Future climates
Aerosol in Global Atmosphere
275