27. Britter RE, Hunt JCR (1979) Velocity measurements
and order-of-magnitude estimates of the flow between
two buildings in a simulated atmospheric boundary
layer. J Ind Aero 4:165–182
28. Davidson MJ, Mylne KR, Jones CD, Phillips JC,
Perkins RJ, Fung JCH, Hunt JCR (1995) Plume dispersion through large groups of obstacles – a field
investigation. Atmos Environ 29: 3245–3256
29. Eames I, Hunt JCR, Belcher SE (2004) Lagrangian
and Eulerian properties of steady flows through groups
of obstacles. J Fluid Mech 515:371–389. [Summary
version in ERCOFTAC Bulletin No. 56]
30. Kastner-Klein P, Plate EJ (1999) Wind-tunnel study of
concentration fields in street canyons. Atmos Environ
33:3973–3979
31. Schatzmann M, Leitl B (2002) Validation and application of obstacle-resolving urban dispersion models.
Atmos Environ 36:4811–4821
32. Kastner-Klein P, Berkowicz R, Britter R (2004) The
influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion
in street canyons. Meteorog Atmos Phys 87:121–131
33. Macdonald RW, Ejim CE (2002) Flow and dispersion
data from a hydraulic simulation of the MUST array.
Technical Report 2002–2003, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada
34. Gryning S-E, Lyck E (1984) Atmospheric dispersion
from elevated sources in an urban area: comparison
between tracer experiments and model calculations.
J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:651–660
35. Allwine KJ, Shinn JH, Streit GE, Clawson KL, Brown
M (2002) Overview of Urban 2000: a multiscale field
study of dispersion through an urban environment.
Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:521–536
36. Allwine KJ, Leach MJ, Stockham LW, Shinn JS,
Hosker RP, Bowers JF, Pace JC (2004) Overview of
joint urban 2003 – an atmospheric dispersion study in
Oklahoma City. In: Symposium on planning,
nowcasting and forecasting in the urban zone, American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington,
January 11–15
37. Rotach MW, Gryning S-E, Batchvarova E, Christen A,
Vogt R (2004) Pollutant dispersion close to an urban
surface – the BUBBLE tracer experiment. Meteorog
Atmos Phys 87:39–56
38. Wood CR, Arnold SJ, Balogun AA, Barlow JF,
Belcher SE, Britter RE, Cheng H, Dobre A, Lingard
JJN, Martin D, Neophytou MK, Petersson FK, Robins
AG, Shallcross DE, Smalley RJ, Tate JE, Tomlin AS,
White IR (2009) Dispersion experiments in Central
London: the 2007 DAPPLE project. Bull Amer
Meteor Soc 90:955–969
39. Barlow JF, Dobre A, Smalley RJ, Arnold SJ, Tomlin
AS, Belcher SE (2009) Referencing of street-level
flows: results from the DAPPLE 2004 campaign in
London, UK. Atmos Environ 43:5536–5544
40. Yee E, Biltoft CA (2004) Concentration fluctuation
measurements in a plume dispersing through a regular
array of obstacles. Bound Lay Meteor 111:363–415
41. Brown MJ, Williams MD (1998) An urban canopy
parameterization for mesoscale meteorological
models. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Report
LA-UR-98-3831
42. WRF (2010) The weather research and forecasting
model. http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php
43. Hodur R (1997) The Naval Research Laboratory’s
Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction
System (COAMPS). Mon Wea Rev 125:1414–1430
44. MM5-MM5 community model (2008) http://www.
mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/overview.html
45. MESONH-Meso-NH (2011) Non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model. http://mesonh.aero.obsmip.fr/mesonh/
46. Cullen MJP (1993) The unified forecast/climate
model. Meteorol Mag 122:81–94
47. Carlotti P (2002) Two point properties of atmospheric
turbulence very close to the ground: comparison of a
high resolution LES with theoretical models. Bound
Lay Meteor 104:381–410
48. Hunt JCR, Orr A, Rottman JW, Capon R (2004)
Coriolis effects in mesoscale flows with sharp changes
in surface conditions. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc
130:2703–2731, Conference on shallow layer flows,
Delft
49. Carruthers
DJ,
Hunt
JCR,
Weng
WS
(1988) A computational model of stratified turbulent
airflow over hills – FLOWSTAR I. In: Zanetti
P (ed) Computer techniques in environmental studies.
Springer, Berlin, pp 481–492
50. Thykier-Nielsen S, Deme S, Mikkelsen T (1999)
Description of the atmospheric dispersion module
RIMPUFF. Report RODOS (WG2)-TN(98)-02. Risø
National Laboratory. http://www.rodos.fzk.de/Rodos
HomePage/RodosHomePage/Documents/Public/Hand
book/Volume3/4_2_6_RIMPUFF.pdf
51. Wippermann F (1984) Air flow over and in broad
valleys: channeling and counter-current. Beitr Phys
Atmos 57:92–105
52. Blumen W (ed) (1990) Atmospheric processes in complex terrain. American Meterological Society, Monograph vol. 23, Number 45, June 1990, 323 pp
53. Ohashi Y, Kida H (2002) Effects of mountains and
urban areas on daytime local-circulations in the Osaka
and Kyoto regions. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 80:539–560
54. Pope SB (2000) Turbulent flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 806 pp
55. Hunt JCR, Olafsson H, Bougeault P (2001) Coriolis
effects on orographic and mesoscale flows. Quart
J Roy Met Soc 127:601–633
56. Coceal O, Belcher SE (2004) A canopy model of mean
winds through urban areas. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc
130:1349–1372
57. Belcher SE, Xu DP, Hunt JCR (1990) The response of
a turbulent boundary layer to arbitrarily distributed
roughness change. Quart J Roy Met Soc 116:611–635
58. Hunt JCR, Tampieri F, Weng W-S, Carruthers DJ
(1991) Air flow and turbulence over complex terrain:
a colloquium and a computational workshop. J Fluid
Mech 227:667–688
59. Murakami S (1992) Computational wind engineering
one: proceedings of the 1st international symposium
190
Urban Air Quality: Meteorological Processes
and order-of-magnitude estimates of the flow between
two buildings in a simulated atmospheric boundary
layer. J Ind Aero 4:165–182
28. Davidson MJ, Mylne KR, Jones CD, Phillips JC,
Perkins RJ, Fung JCH, Hunt JCR (1995) Plume dispersion through large groups of obstacles – a field
investigation. Atmos Environ 29: 3245–3256
29. Eames I, Hunt JCR, Belcher SE (2004) Lagrangian
and Eulerian properties of steady flows through groups
of obstacles. J Fluid Mech 515:371–389. [Summary
version in ERCOFTAC Bulletin No. 56]
30. Kastner-Klein P, Plate EJ (1999) Wind-tunnel study of
concentration fields in street canyons. Atmos Environ
33:3973–3979
31. Schatzmann M, Leitl B (2002) Validation and application of obstacle-resolving urban dispersion models.
Atmos Environ 36:4811–4821
32. Kastner-Klein P, Berkowicz R, Britter R (2004) The
influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion
in street canyons. Meteorog Atmos Phys 87:121–131
33. Macdonald RW, Ejim CE (2002) Flow and dispersion
data from a hydraulic simulation of the MUST array.
Technical Report 2002–2003, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada
34. Gryning S-E, Lyck E (1984) Atmospheric dispersion
from elevated sources in an urban area: comparison
between tracer experiments and model calculations.
J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:651–660
35. Allwine KJ, Shinn JH, Streit GE, Clawson KL, Brown
M (2002) Overview of Urban 2000: a multiscale field
study of dispersion through an urban environment.
Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:521–536
36. Allwine KJ, Leach MJ, Stockham LW, Shinn JS,
Hosker RP, Bowers JF, Pace JC (2004) Overview of
joint urban 2003 – an atmospheric dispersion study in
Oklahoma City. In: Symposium on planning,
nowcasting and forecasting in the urban zone, American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington,
January 11–15
37. Rotach MW, Gryning S-E, Batchvarova E, Christen A,
Vogt R (2004) Pollutant dispersion close to an urban
surface – the BUBBLE tracer experiment. Meteorog
Atmos Phys 87:39–56
38. Wood CR, Arnold SJ, Balogun AA, Barlow JF,
Belcher SE, Britter RE, Cheng H, Dobre A, Lingard
JJN, Martin D, Neophytou MK, Petersson FK, Robins
AG, Shallcross DE, Smalley RJ, Tate JE, Tomlin AS,
White IR (2009) Dispersion experiments in Central
London: the 2007 DAPPLE project. Bull Amer
Meteor Soc 90:955–969
39. Barlow JF, Dobre A, Smalley RJ, Arnold SJ, Tomlin
AS, Belcher SE (2009) Referencing of street-level
flows: results from the DAPPLE 2004 campaign in
London, UK. Atmos Environ 43:5536–5544
40. Yee E, Biltoft CA (2004) Concentration fluctuation
measurements in a plume dispersing through a regular
array of obstacles. Bound Lay Meteor 111:363–415
41. Brown MJ, Williams MD (1998) An urban canopy
parameterization for mesoscale meteorological
models. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Report
LA-UR-98-3831
42. WRF (2010) The weather research and forecasting
model. http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php
43. Hodur R (1997) The Naval Research Laboratory’s
Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction
System (COAMPS). Mon Wea Rev 125:1414–1430
44. MM5-MM5 community model (2008) http://www.
mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/overview.html
45. MESONH-Meso-NH (2011) Non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model. http://mesonh.aero.obsmip.fr/mesonh/
46. Cullen MJP (1993) The unified forecast/climate
model. Meteorol Mag 122:81–94
47. Carlotti P (2002) Two point properties of atmospheric
turbulence very close to the ground: comparison of a
high resolution LES with theoretical models. Bound
Lay Meteor 104:381–410
48. Hunt JCR, Orr A, Rottman JW, Capon R (2004)
Coriolis effects in mesoscale flows with sharp changes
in surface conditions. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc
130:2703–2731, Conference on shallow layer flows,
Delft
49. Carruthers
DJ,
Hunt
JCR,
Weng
WS
(1988) A computational model of stratified turbulent
airflow over hills – FLOWSTAR I. In: Zanetti
P (ed) Computer techniques in environmental studies.
Springer, Berlin, pp 481–492
50. Thykier-Nielsen S, Deme S, Mikkelsen T (1999)
Description of the atmospheric dispersion module
RIMPUFF. Report RODOS (WG2)-TN(98)-02. Risø
National Laboratory. http://www.rodos.fzk.de/Rodos
HomePage/RodosHomePage/Documents/Public/Hand
book/Volume3/4_2_6_RIMPUFF.pdf
51. Wippermann F (1984) Air flow over and in broad
valleys: channeling and counter-current. Beitr Phys
Atmos 57:92–105
52. Blumen W (ed) (1990) Atmospheric processes in complex terrain. American Meterological Society, Monograph vol. 23, Number 45, June 1990, 323 pp
53. Ohashi Y, Kida H (2002) Effects of mountains and
urban areas on daytime local-circulations in the Osaka
and Kyoto regions. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 80:539–560
54. Pope SB (2000) Turbulent flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 806 pp
55. Hunt JCR, Olafsson H, Bougeault P (2001) Coriolis
effects on orographic and mesoscale flows. Quart
J Roy Met Soc 127:601–633
56. Coceal O, Belcher SE (2004) A canopy model of mean
winds through urban areas. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc
130:1349–1372
57. Belcher SE, Xu DP, Hunt JCR (1990) The response of
a turbulent boundary layer to arbitrarily distributed
roughness change. Quart J Roy Met Soc 116:611–635
58. Hunt JCR, Tampieri F, Weng W-S, Carruthers DJ
(1991) Air flow and turbulence over complex terrain:
a colloquium and a computational workshop. J Fluid
Mech 227:667–688
59. Murakami S (1992) Computational wind engineering
one: proceedings of the 1st international symposium
190
Urban Air Quality: Meteorological Processes