N
Neighborhood scale
O
Overall urban area
Ro Rossby
s
Surface, street
S
Source
Se Effective source
*
Turbulence-related level for log profile, or
turbulent source
Abbreviations
BS
Building/street sub-region
CFD
Computational fluid dynamics
FAM
Fast approximate model
FCM
Fully computational model
LES
Large eddy simulation
M
Mesoscale region
N
Neighborhood sub-region
RANS Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes
RSM
Reynolds stress model
r.m.s
Root mean square
SVF
Sky view factor
Bibliography
1. Hunt JCR, Carruthers DJ, Britter RE, Daish NC
(2004) ADMLC. http://www.admlc.org.uk/docu
ments/ADMLC20023_000.pdf
2. Garratt JR (1993) The atmospheric boundary layer.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 334 p
3. Hunt JCR, Simpson JE (1982) Atmospheric boundary
layers over non-homogeneous terrain. In: Plate
E (ed) Engineering meteorology. Elsevier Science,
Amsterdam/New York, pp 269–318
4. Oke TR (1978) Boundary layer climates. Methuen,
London, 372 pp
5. Mestayer PG, Anquetin S (1995) Climatology of cities. In: Gyr A, Rys FS (eds) Diffusion and transport of
pollutants in atmospheric mesoscale flow fields.
Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 165–189
6. Emmanuel R, Fernando HJS (2007) Effects of urban
form and thermal properties in urban heat island mitigation in hot humid and hot arid climates: the cases of
Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Phoenix, USA. Clim Res
34:241–251
7. Högström U, Smedman A (1984) The wind regime in
coastal areas with special reference to results obtained
from the Swedish wind energy program. Bound Lay
Meteorol 33:351–373
8. Owinoh A, Orr A, Hunt JCR, Clark P (2003) Numerical modelling of boundary layer flow over a low hill
with abrupt surface heat flux change (submitted)
9. Belcher SE, Jerram N, Hunt JCR (2003) Adjustment
of a turbulent boundary layer to a canopy of roughness
elements. J Fluid Mech 488:369–398
10. Grimmond CSB, Oke TR (1999) Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analysis of surface
form. J Appl Meteorol 38:1262–1292
11. Britter RE, Hanna SR (2003) Flow and dispersion in
urban areas. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 35:469–496
12. Kastner-Klein P, Rotach MW (2004) Mean flow and
turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Bound Lay Meteorol 111:55–84
13. Jackson PS (1981) On the displacement height in the
logarithmic velocity profile. J Fluid Mech 111:15–25
14. Davenport AG (1960) Rationale for determining
design wind velocities. J Struct Div Amer Soc Civ
Eng 86:39–68
15. Davenport AG, Grimmond CSB, Oke TR, Weiringa
J (2000) Estimating the roughness of cities and
scattered country. In: Proceedings of 12th AMS conference on applied climatology, Asheville
16. Cionco R, Ellefsen R (1998) High resolution urban
morphology data for urban wind flow modeling. Atm
Env 32:7–17
17. Ratti CS, Di Sabatino S, Britter RE (2006) Urban
texture analysis with image processing techniques:
winds and dispersion. Theor Appl Climatol 84:77–90
18. Macdonald RW, Griffiths RF, Hall DJ (1998) An
improved method for estimation of surface roughness
of obstacle arrays. Atmos Environ 32:1857–1864
19. Di Sabatino S, Leo LS, Cataldo R, Ratti C, Britter
R (2010) On the construction of DEMs of a southern
European city and a comparative morphological analysis with respect to northern European and North
American cities. J Appl Meteor Climatol
49:1377–1396
20. Rotach MW (1995) Profiles of turbulence statistics in
and above an urban street canyon. Atmos Environ
29:1473–1486
21. Counihan J, Hunt JCR, Jackson PS (1974) Wakes
behind twodimensional surface obstacles in turbulent
boundary layers. J Fluid Mech 64:529–563
22. Mestayer PG, Vachon G, Rosant J-M (2002) The
Nantes’99 data base for model validation of air quality
in streets. In: Proceedings of 8th international conference on harmonisation within atmospheric dispersion
modelling for regulatory purposes, Sofia, Bulgaria,
14–17 October 2002, pp 297–300
23. Soulhac L (2000) Modélisation de la dispersion
atmosphérique à l’intérieur de la canopée urbaine.
Ph.D. thesis, École Centrale de Lyon
24. Todhunter PE (1990) Microclimatic variations attributable to urban-canyon asymmetry and prientation.
Phys Geogr 11(2):131–141
25. Kothari KM, Peterka JA, Meroney RN (1986) Perturbation analysis and measurements of building wakes
in a stably-stratified turbulent boundary layer. J Wind
Eng Ind Aerodyn 25:49–74
26. Lawson TV (1980) Wind effects on buildings,
vol 1. Design, Applied Science
Urban Air Quality: Meteorological Processes
189
Neighborhood scale
O
Overall urban area
Ro Rossby
s
Surface, street
S
Source
Se Effective source
*
Turbulence-related level for log profile, or
turbulent source
Abbreviations
BS
Building/street sub-region
CFD
Computational fluid dynamics
FAM
Fast approximate model
FCM
Fully computational model
LES
Large eddy simulation
M
Mesoscale region
N
Neighborhood sub-region
RANS Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes
RSM
Reynolds stress model
r.m.s
Root mean square
SVF
Sky view factor
Bibliography
1. Hunt JCR, Carruthers DJ, Britter RE, Daish NC
(2004) ADMLC. http://www.admlc.org.uk/docu
ments/ADMLC20023_000.pdf
2. Garratt JR (1993) The atmospheric boundary layer.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 334 p
3. Hunt JCR, Simpson JE (1982) Atmospheric boundary
layers over non-homogeneous terrain. In: Plate
E (ed) Engineering meteorology. Elsevier Science,
Amsterdam/New York, pp 269–318
4. Oke TR (1978) Boundary layer climates. Methuen,
London, 372 pp
5. Mestayer PG, Anquetin S (1995) Climatology of cities. In: Gyr A, Rys FS (eds) Diffusion and transport of
pollutants in atmospheric mesoscale flow fields.
Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 165–189
6. Emmanuel R, Fernando HJS (2007) Effects of urban
form and thermal properties in urban heat island mitigation in hot humid and hot arid climates: the cases of
Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Phoenix, USA. Clim Res
34:241–251
7. Högström U, Smedman A (1984) The wind regime in
coastal areas with special reference to results obtained
from the Swedish wind energy program. Bound Lay
Meteorol 33:351–373
8. Owinoh A, Orr A, Hunt JCR, Clark P (2003) Numerical modelling of boundary layer flow over a low hill
with abrupt surface heat flux change (submitted)
9. Belcher SE, Jerram N, Hunt JCR (2003) Adjustment
of a turbulent boundary layer to a canopy of roughness
elements. J Fluid Mech 488:369–398
10. Grimmond CSB, Oke TR (1999) Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analysis of surface
form. J Appl Meteorol 38:1262–1292
11. Britter RE, Hanna SR (2003) Flow and dispersion in
urban areas. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 35:469–496
12. Kastner-Klein P, Rotach MW (2004) Mean flow and
turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Bound Lay Meteorol 111:55–84
13. Jackson PS (1981) On the displacement height in the
logarithmic velocity profile. J Fluid Mech 111:15–25
14. Davenport AG (1960) Rationale for determining
design wind velocities. J Struct Div Amer Soc Civ
Eng 86:39–68
15. Davenport AG, Grimmond CSB, Oke TR, Weiringa
J (2000) Estimating the roughness of cities and
scattered country. In: Proceedings of 12th AMS conference on applied climatology, Asheville
16. Cionco R, Ellefsen R (1998) High resolution urban
morphology data for urban wind flow modeling. Atm
Env 32:7–17
17. Ratti CS, Di Sabatino S, Britter RE (2006) Urban
texture analysis with image processing techniques:
winds and dispersion. Theor Appl Climatol 84:77–90
18. Macdonald RW, Griffiths RF, Hall DJ (1998) An
improved method for estimation of surface roughness
of obstacle arrays. Atmos Environ 32:1857–1864
19. Di Sabatino S, Leo LS, Cataldo R, Ratti C, Britter
R (2010) On the construction of DEMs of a southern
European city and a comparative morphological analysis with respect to northern European and North
American cities. J Appl Meteor Climatol
49:1377–1396
20. Rotach MW (1995) Profiles of turbulence statistics in
and above an urban street canyon. Atmos Environ
29:1473–1486
21. Counihan J, Hunt JCR, Jackson PS (1974) Wakes
behind twodimensional surface obstacles in turbulent
boundary layers. J Fluid Mech 64:529–563
22. Mestayer PG, Vachon G, Rosant J-M (2002) The
Nantes’99 data base for model validation of air quality
in streets. In: Proceedings of 8th international conference on harmonisation within atmospheric dispersion
modelling for regulatory purposes, Sofia, Bulgaria,
14–17 October 2002, pp 297–300
23. Soulhac L (2000) Modélisation de la dispersion
atmosphérique à l’intérieur de la canopée urbaine.
Ph.D. thesis, École Centrale de Lyon
24. Todhunter PE (1990) Microclimatic variations attributable to urban-canyon asymmetry and prientation.
Phys Geogr 11(2):131–141
25. Kothari KM, Peterka JA, Meroney RN (1986) Perturbation analysis and measurements of building wakes
in a stably-stratified turbulent boundary layer. J Wind
Eng Ind Aerodyn 25:49–74
26. Lawson TV (1980) Wind effects on buildings,
vol 1. Design, Applied Science
Urban Air Quality: Meteorological Processes
189