xx List of Figures
8.19 Peak brilliance (left) and temporal resolution (right) of typical FEL in comparison with third-generation SR sources.
158
8.20 Generic layout of a compact light source driven by an LPWA.
160
8.21 For illustration of filamentation. An intact paper sheet (top) may have very
low volume; however, when crumpled (bottom) it will have its effective
volume increased by orders of magnitude.
161
9.1
Photon matter interaction, qualitatively.
166
9.2
Absorption of photons (dotted lines) in comparison with absorption of
protons in media. Overlaying multiple Bragg peaks creates a near uniform
dose distribution in a certain target volume.
167
9.3
Radiation effects on DNA.
169
9.4
Generic proton or heavy-ion therapy facility.
171
9.5
The elements of the proton therapy beamline.
172
9.6
Pencil beam scanning.
172
9.7
Schematic of a cyclotron.
173
9.8
Schematics of a synchrocyclotron.
174
9.9
Schematics of an isochronous cyclotron.
175
9.10 Example of a field profile in an isochronous cyclotron.
175
9.11 Sheath laser acceleration of protons.
177
9.12 TNSA spectum, qualitative behavior.
178
9.13 Radiation pressure acceleration concept.
179
9.14 Hole-boring radiation pressure laser acceleration of protons.
179
9.15 Light-sail radiation pressure laser acceleration of protons.
180
10.1 Velocity bunching. Initial beam (a) and compressed beam (b).
186
10.2 Four-magnet chicane.
186
10.3 Energy–time correlation and bunch compression.
186
10.4 Incoherent radiation (left) and coherent radiation (right).
189
10.5 Qualitative comparison of the spectrum of coherent synchrotron radiation
in comparison with the spectrum of incoherent SR.
189
10.6 Two-particle model of the beam and its field.
189
10.7 Illustration of the tail field overtaking the head of the bunch in the mechanism of coherent synchrotron radiation.
190
10.8 Shape function F 0 (top plot) of coherent synchrotron radiation for a bunch
with Gaussian density profile (bottom plot).
191
10.9 Q-switching technique. In step one (a) the pump builds up large inversion
in the gain media. In step two (b) the laser cavity switches from low to
high-Q.
192
10.10 Examples of active Q-switching methods. Rotating mirror (A), Electrooptic (B) and Acousto-optic (C).
193
10.11 Passive Q-switching — saturable absorber (A) and SESAM (B).
194
10.12 Schematics of a regenerative amplifier.
194
10.13 Mode-locked laser (left) and the laser output (right) in the normal (a) and
mode-locked (b) regimes.
195
10.14 Self-seeded FEL.
196
10.15 Laser heater.
197
10.16 Beam laser slicing.
198
10.17 Echo-enabled harmonic generation scheme — EEHG.
199
10.18 Phase space (top) and density profile (bottom) of an EEHG-modulated
beam.
199
8.19 Peak brilliance (left) and temporal resolution (right) of typical FEL in comparison with third-generation SR sources.
158
8.20 Generic layout of a compact light source driven by an LPWA.
160
8.21 For illustration of filamentation. An intact paper sheet (top) may have very
low volume; however, when crumpled (bottom) it will have its effective
volume increased by orders of magnitude.
161
9.1
Photon matter interaction, qualitatively.
166
9.2
Absorption of photons (dotted lines) in comparison with absorption of
protons in media. Overlaying multiple Bragg peaks creates a near uniform
dose distribution in a certain target volume.
167
9.3
Radiation effects on DNA.
169
9.4
Generic proton or heavy-ion therapy facility.
171
9.5
The elements of the proton therapy beamline.
172
9.6
Pencil beam scanning.
172
9.7
Schematic of a cyclotron.
173
9.8
Schematics of a synchrocyclotron.
174
9.9
Schematics of an isochronous cyclotron.
175
9.10 Example of a field profile in an isochronous cyclotron.
175
9.11 Sheath laser acceleration of protons.
177
9.12 TNSA spectum, qualitative behavior.
178
9.13 Radiation pressure acceleration concept.
179
9.14 Hole-boring radiation pressure laser acceleration of protons.
179
9.15 Light-sail radiation pressure laser acceleration of protons.
180
10.1 Velocity bunching. Initial beam (a) and compressed beam (b).
186
10.2 Four-magnet chicane.
186
10.3 Energy–time correlation and bunch compression.
186
10.4 Incoherent radiation (left) and coherent radiation (right).
189
10.5 Qualitative comparison of the spectrum of coherent synchrotron radiation
in comparison with the spectrum of incoherent SR.
189
10.6 Two-particle model of the beam and its field.
189
10.7 Illustration of the tail field overtaking the head of the bunch in the mechanism of coherent synchrotron radiation.
190
10.8 Shape function F 0 (top plot) of coherent synchrotron radiation for a bunch
with Gaussian density profile (bottom plot).
191
10.9 Q-switching technique. In step one (a) the pump builds up large inversion
in the gain media. In step two (b) the laser cavity switches from low to
high-Q.
192
10.10 Examples of active Q-switching methods. Rotating mirror (A), Electrooptic (B) and Acousto-optic (C).
193
10.11 Passive Q-switching — saturable absorber (A) and SESAM (B).
194
10.12 Schematics of a regenerative amplifier.
194
10.13 Mode-locked laser (left) and the laser output (right) in the normal (a) and
mode-locked (b) regimes.
195
10.14 Self-seeded FEL.
196
10.15 Laser heater.
197
10.16 Beam laser slicing.
198
10.17 Echo-enabled harmonic generation scheme — EEHG.
199
10.18 Phase space (top) and density profile (bottom) of an EEHG-modulated
beam.
199