List of Figures xix
7.1
Electromagnetic spectrum covered by SR and Compton sources.
127
7.2
Photon attenuation in water in comparison with a typical protein.
128
7.3
Generations of SR sources. Brightness is expressed in the units of the
2
number of photons per s · mm · mrad 2 · 0.1%BW .
129
7.4
Generic SR light source with multiple X-ray beamlines and showing typical
allocation of beamlines to experiments.
131
7.5
Schematics of a generic third-generation SR light source.
132
7.6
Current in SR light source without (a) and with (b) top-up injection mode. 133
7.7
Crystal monochromator of X-rays. Symmetric case (a) and asymmetric
case (b).
133
7.8
Absorption (left) and phase contrast (right) X-ray imaging and comparison
of reconstructed image (middle).
134
7.9
Pump-probe experiment arrangement. Here T and n are revolution period
and number of bunches in the SR ring, Δt is time delay between the pump
laser pulse and SR probe pulse.
135
7.10 Thomson scattering.
136
7.11 Compton backscattering. Initial photon with wavelength λ 1 and after scattering with λ 2 .
136
7.12 Compton scattering in the rest frame of an electron and relativistic invariants.
137
7.13 Compton scattering — definition of frequencies and angles.
138
7.14 Generic Compton source of linac type.
139
7.15 Generic Compton light source based on electron storage ring.
140
8.1
Trajectory and radiation in a sequence of bending magnets.
144
8.2
Wiggler (top) and bending magnet (bottom) SR spectra.
144
8.3
Radiation from wiggler, regime of K » 1.
145
8.4
Time profile of radiation observed from wiggler.
145
8.5
Spectrum from wiggler (left) and undulator (right), qualitative comparison.
Dashed line on the left spectrum corresponds to the spectrum from bends
of the same strength. Horizontal axis is in units of λ u /(2γ 2 ).
145
8.6
Radiation from undulator, with K « 1.
146
8.7
Time profile of radiation observed from undulator.
146
8.8
Trajectory and radiation in sine-like field.
146
8.9
EM wave and particle trajectory — straight (left) and wiggling (right) in an
undulator.
148
8.10 EM wave-particle resonance condition of energy transfer.
149
8.11 Microbunching. Density of the beam along the longitudinal coordinate
for the initial noise (left), intermediate regime of microbunching (middle)
and saturated microbunching (right).
150
8.12 Multi-pass FEL.
151
8.13 Single-pass FEL.
151
8.14 Radiation in an FEL undulator composed of permanent magnets.
152
8.15 Illustrating solutions of FEL-pendulum equation and microbunching for
different initial conditions. The initial beam (I) is on-energy and when
bunched (II) demonstrates symmetrical profile of beam density (B).
154
8.16 Microbunching in a case when the initial beam is slightly off energy.
154
8.17 FEL low-gain curve.
156
8.18 High-gain FELs, typical behavior of the emitted power — exponential
growth eventually turned into saturation.
156
7.1
Electromagnetic spectrum covered by SR and Compton sources.
127
7.2
Photon attenuation in water in comparison with a typical protein.
128
7.3
Generations of SR sources. Brightness is expressed in the units of the
2
number of photons per s · mm · mrad 2 · 0.1%BW .
129
7.4
Generic SR light source with multiple X-ray beamlines and showing typical
allocation of beamlines to experiments.
131
7.5
Schematics of a generic third-generation SR light source.
132
7.6
Current in SR light source without (a) and with (b) top-up injection mode. 133
7.7
Crystal monochromator of X-rays. Symmetric case (a) and asymmetric
case (b).
133
7.8
Absorption (left) and phase contrast (right) X-ray imaging and comparison
of reconstructed image (middle).
134
7.9
Pump-probe experiment arrangement. Here T and n are revolution period
and number of bunches in the SR ring, Δt is time delay between the pump
laser pulse and SR probe pulse.
135
7.10 Thomson scattering.
136
7.11 Compton backscattering. Initial photon with wavelength λ 1 and after scattering with λ 2 .
136
7.12 Compton scattering in the rest frame of an electron and relativistic invariants.
137
7.13 Compton scattering — definition of frequencies and angles.
138
7.14 Generic Compton source of linac type.
139
7.15 Generic Compton light source based on electron storage ring.
140
8.1
Trajectory and radiation in a sequence of bending magnets.
144
8.2
Wiggler (top) and bending magnet (bottom) SR spectra.
144
8.3
Radiation from wiggler, regime of K » 1.
145
8.4
Time profile of radiation observed from wiggler.
145
8.5
Spectrum from wiggler (left) and undulator (right), qualitative comparison.
Dashed line on the left spectrum corresponds to the spectrum from bends
of the same strength. Horizontal axis is in units of λ u /(2γ 2 ).
145
8.6
Radiation from undulator, with K « 1.
146
8.7
Time profile of radiation observed from undulator.
146
8.8
Trajectory and radiation in sine-like field.
146
8.9
EM wave and particle trajectory — straight (left) and wiggling (right) in an
undulator.
148
8.10 EM wave-particle resonance condition of energy transfer.
149
8.11 Microbunching. Density of the beam along the longitudinal coordinate
for the initial noise (left), intermediate regime of microbunching (middle)
and saturated microbunching (right).
150
8.12 Multi-pass FEL.
151
8.13 Single-pass FEL.
151
8.14 Radiation in an FEL undulator composed of permanent magnets.
152
8.15 Illustrating solutions of FEL-pendulum equation and microbunching for
different initial conditions. The initial beam (I) is on-energy and when
bunched (II) demonstrates symmetrical profile of beam density (B).
154
8.16 Microbunching in a case when the initial beam is slightly off energy.
154
8.17 FEL low-gain curve.
156
8.18 High-gain FELs, typical behavior of the emitted power — exponential
growth eventually turned into saturation.
156