xviii List of Figures
5.25 Breakdown Kilpatrick limit (lower curve) and Wang–Loew limit (upper
curve).
90
5.26 Schematic of an inductive output tube.
91
5.27 Schematic of a klystron.
91
5.28 Schematic of a magnetron.
93
5.29 Feeding RF power into an accelerating structure. Field lines show electric
and magnetic fields of the corresponding cavity modes.
93
5.30 Acceleration in a travelling wave structure (left) and in a standing wave
structure (right). The wave and particles’ position in different moments of
time are shown.
94
5.31 Synchronous and lagging particles in a synchrotron ring.
96
5.32 Motion in RF potential.
96
5.33 RF bucket trajectories in a linearized case are ellipses.
98
5.34 RF voltage and phase space and RF potential for cases below and above
the transition energy.
98
5.35 Qualitative evolution of the longitudinal phase space (energy vs phase,
for vertical and horizontal axes, correspondingly) of the beam for an
increasing number of synchrotron periods.
99
5.36 RF bucket in the case of fast acceleration.
99
5.37 Betatron oscillations modulated by synchrotron motion (left) and a corresponding spectrum (right) with betatron tune and synchrotron sidebands. 100
5.38 A generic linear collider.
101
5.39 A generic free electron laser.
102
6.1
For illustration of plasma beat wave and self-modulated laser wakefield
acceleration.
107
6.2
Plasma wakefield acceleration — PWFA.
107
6.3
Laser wakefield acceleration — LWFA.
107
6.4
Laser focused to a tight spot.
108
6.5
Qualitative overview of the progress in laser peak intensity.
109
6.6
Types of ionization: (a) direct, (b) multi-photon, (c) tunneling.
110
6.7
Barrier suppression ionization.
111
6.8
Qualitative temporal profile of a CPA-compressed laser pulse.
113
6.9
Laser acceleration — conceptually. Linear regime.
114
6.10 For illustration of the mechanism of the ponderomotive force.
115
6.11 Bubble formation.
116
6.12 Laser plasma acceleration in nonlinear regime — conceptually.
116
6.13 Wave breaking concept — the wave nonlinearity gradually rises from top
to bottom.
116
6.14 Capillary channel technique of laser plasma acceleration.
117
6.15 Cylindrical symmetry in the plasma bubble.
118
6.16 Laser plasma betatron source — conceptually. Wave breaking and self-
injection — (a). Oscillation of accelerating electron beams in the plasma
bubble — (b)-(d), sequential time moments. Betatron radiation produced
by oscillating beams — (e).
119
6.17 Laser plasma betatron radiation light source — conceptually.
121
6.18 Computers’ evolution.
122
6.19 Light sources’ evolution.
122
6.20 Beam-driven plasma acceleration — conceptually.
123
6.21 Sheath laser plasma acceleration of protons or ions.
124
5.25 Breakdown Kilpatrick limit (lower curve) and Wang–Loew limit (upper
curve).
90
5.26 Schematic of an inductive output tube.
91
5.27 Schematic of a klystron.
91
5.28 Schematic of a magnetron.
93
5.29 Feeding RF power into an accelerating structure. Field lines show electric
and magnetic fields of the corresponding cavity modes.
93
5.30 Acceleration in a travelling wave structure (left) and in a standing wave
structure (right). The wave and particles’ position in different moments of
time are shown.
94
5.31 Synchronous and lagging particles in a synchrotron ring.
96
5.32 Motion in RF potential.
96
5.33 RF bucket trajectories in a linearized case are ellipses.
98
5.34 RF voltage and phase space and RF potential for cases below and above
the transition energy.
98
5.35 Qualitative evolution of the longitudinal phase space (energy vs phase,
for vertical and horizontal axes, correspondingly) of the beam for an
increasing number of synchrotron periods.
99
5.36 RF bucket in the case of fast acceleration.
99
5.37 Betatron oscillations modulated by synchrotron motion (left) and a corresponding spectrum (right) with betatron tune and synchrotron sidebands. 100
5.38 A generic linear collider.
101
5.39 A generic free electron laser.
102
6.1
For illustration of plasma beat wave and self-modulated laser wakefield
acceleration.
107
6.2
Plasma wakefield acceleration — PWFA.
107
6.3
Laser wakefield acceleration — LWFA.
107
6.4
Laser focused to a tight spot.
108
6.5
Qualitative overview of the progress in laser peak intensity.
109
6.6
Types of ionization: (a) direct, (b) multi-photon, (c) tunneling.
110
6.7
Barrier suppression ionization.
111
6.8
Qualitative temporal profile of a CPA-compressed laser pulse.
113
6.9
Laser acceleration — conceptually. Linear regime.
114
6.10 For illustration of the mechanism of the ponderomotive force.
115
6.11 Bubble formation.
116
6.12 Laser plasma acceleration in nonlinear regime — conceptually.
116
6.13 Wave breaking concept — the wave nonlinearity gradually rises from top
to bottom.
116
6.14 Capillary channel technique of laser plasma acceleration.
117
6.15 Cylindrical symmetry in the plasma bubble.
118
6.16 Laser plasma betatron source — conceptually. Wave breaking and self-
injection — (a). Oscillation of accelerating electron beams in the plasma
bubble — (b)-(d), sequential time moments. Betatron radiation produced
by oscillating beams — (e).
119
6.17 Laser plasma betatron radiation light source — conceptually.
121
6.18 Computers’ evolution.
122
6.19 Light sources’ evolution.
122
6.20 Beam-driven plasma acceleration — conceptually.
123
6.21 Sheath laser plasma acceleration of protons or ions.
124