List of Figures xvii
4.15 The cat intuitively knows the inventive principle of changing her surface-
to-volume ratio depending on the external temperature.
64
4.16 Volume-to-surface ratio S/V in units of (2πV ) 1/3 vs L/R.
64
4.17 Schematic of a fiber laser and cross section of refractive index.
65
4.18 Schematics of CPA — chirped pulse amplification.
65
4.19 Optical parametric generation in nonlinear crystals.
66
4.20 Optical parametric chirped pulse amplification — OPCPA.
66
4.21 Plasma oscillations.
67
4.22 Laser penetration to plasma and critical density.
68
4.23 Beam or light in the focus.
68
4.24 Weak focusing.
69
4.25 Strong focusing.
69
4.26 Lenses made from different glasses compensate chromatic aberrations.
70
4.27 Compensation of chromatic aberration by inserting nonlinear sextupole
magnets in a dispersive region.
70
4.28 Laser pulse stretcher.
71
4.29 Laser pulse compressor.
71
4.30 Bunch compressor.
72
4.31 Electron cooling.
72
4.32 Stochastic cooling.
72
4.33 Standard stochastic cooling.
73
4.34 Optical stochastic cooling.
73
4.35 Layout of optical stochastic cooling system in an accelerator.
73
5.1
A cathode ray tube TV as an example of an accelerator.
75
5.2
Cockcroft–Walton generator.
76
5.3
Van der Graaf accelerator.
76
5.4
Tandem electrostatic accelerator.
76
5.5
Pelletron charging mechanism.
77
5.6
Synchrotron and linac.
77
5.7
Widero ¨e linear accelerator.
78
5.8
Voltage in Widero ¨e linac.
79
5.9
Alvarez drift tube linac.
79
5.10 RFQ structure.
80
5.11 Synchrotron oscillations.
81
5.12 TEM wave in free space.
82
5.13 Boundary conditions on perfectly conducting surfaces.
82
5.14 Two-wave interference.
82
5.15 Waves in a waveguide, two extreme cases.
83
5.16 Dispersion of a waveguide, two extreme cases.
83
5.17 Intermediate case.
84
5.18 Dispersion of a waveguide.
84
5.19 Iris-loaded accelerating structure.
85
5.20 Qualitative behavior of dispersion curve in iris-loaded structures.
85
5.21 Extended dispersion diagram of an iris-loaded structure.
86
5.22 Cylindrical pill-box cavity.
87
5.23 Examples of pill-box cylindrical cavity modes with electric field lines
shown.
87
5.24 The RF gap — space between entrance and exit irises of cavity resonator
in drift tube linac.
89
4.15 The cat intuitively knows the inventive principle of changing her surface-
to-volume ratio depending on the external temperature.
64
4.16 Volume-to-surface ratio S/V in units of (2πV ) 1/3 vs L/R.
64
4.17 Schematic of a fiber laser and cross section of refractive index.
65
4.18 Schematics of CPA — chirped pulse amplification.
65
4.19 Optical parametric generation in nonlinear crystals.
66
4.20 Optical parametric chirped pulse amplification — OPCPA.
66
4.21 Plasma oscillations.
67
4.22 Laser penetration to plasma and critical density.
68
4.23 Beam or light in the focus.
68
4.24 Weak focusing.
69
4.25 Strong focusing.
69
4.26 Lenses made from different glasses compensate chromatic aberrations.
70
4.27 Compensation of chromatic aberration by inserting nonlinear sextupole
magnets in a dispersive region.
70
4.28 Laser pulse stretcher.
71
4.29 Laser pulse compressor.
71
4.30 Bunch compressor.
72
4.31 Electron cooling.
72
4.32 Stochastic cooling.
72
4.33 Standard stochastic cooling.
73
4.34 Optical stochastic cooling.
73
4.35 Layout of optical stochastic cooling system in an accelerator.
73
5.1
A cathode ray tube TV as an example of an accelerator.
75
5.2
Cockcroft–Walton generator.
76
5.3
Van der Graaf accelerator.
76
5.4
Tandem electrostatic accelerator.
76
5.5
Pelletron charging mechanism.
77
5.6
Synchrotron and linac.
77
5.7
Widero ¨e linear accelerator.
78
5.8
Voltage in Widero ¨e linac.
79
5.9
Alvarez drift tube linac.
79
5.10 RFQ structure.
80
5.11 Synchrotron oscillations.
81
5.12 TEM wave in free space.
82
5.13 Boundary conditions on perfectly conducting surfaces.
82
5.14 Two-wave interference.
82
5.15 Waves in a waveguide, two extreme cases.
83
5.16 Dispersion of a waveguide, two extreme cases.
83
5.17 Intermediate case.
84
5.18 Dispersion of a waveguide.
84
5.19 Iris-loaded accelerating structure.
85
5.20 Qualitative behavior of dispersion curve in iris-loaded structures.
85
5.21 Extended dispersion diagram of an iris-loaded structure.
86
5.22 Cylindrical pill-box cavity.
87
5.23 Examples of pill-box cylindrical cavity modes with electric field lines
shown.
87
5.24 The RF gap — space between entrance and exit irises of cavity resonator
in drift tube linac.
89