26
An Introduction to Beam Physics
FIGURE 1.20: Sketch of the Bevatron, designed to achieve “Billions of eV
Synchrotron,” at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA.
(From E. J. Lofgren, in E. Regenstreif, ed., Proc. CERN Symp. High Energy
Accelerators and Pion Physics, CERN 56-25, 1956 [46]. Courtesy CERN.)
tion
p
q
= Bρ = χ m .
(1.13)
The range of available magnetic fields is rather limited; typical numbers are
in the range of 1–2 T for normal conducting dipole magnets, and several
times more for superconducting dipole magnets. The superconducting dipole
magnets at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization
for Nuclear Research (CERN), near Geneva, in Switzerland and France, operate reliably at 8 T. (See Table 1.1.) Looking beyond the rather stringent
requirements for particle accelerators regarding field quality over extended
regions and temporal stability, as of 2013 the highest magnetic fields that
can be achieved are about 100 T. In fact, the National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory (NHMFL), having branches at Florida State University, University of Florida and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), USA, reached
100.75 T at the Los Alamos branch in 2012. The Dresden High Magnetic
Field Laboratory (Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden, HLD) at the HelmholtzZentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, reached 91.4 T in 2011, a record at
the time, and 94.2 T in 2012.
So for practical purposes, the only way to achieve high energies is to increase
An Introduction to Beam Physics
FIGURE 1.20: Sketch of the Bevatron, designed to achieve “Billions of eV
Synchrotron,” at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA.
(From E. J. Lofgren, in E. Regenstreif, ed., Proc. CERN Symp. High Energy
Accelerators and Pion Physics, CERN 56-25, 1956 [46]. Courtesy CERN.)
tion
p
q
= Bρ = χ m .
(1.13)
The range of available magnetic fields is rather limited; typical numbers are
in the range of 1–2 T for normal conducting dipole magnets, and several
times more for superconducting dipole magnets. The superconducting dipole
magnets at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization
for Nuclear Research (CERN), near Geneva, in Switzerland and France, operate reliably at 8 T. (See Table 1.1.) Looking beyond the rather stringent
requirements for particle accelerators regarding field quality over extended
regions and temporal stability, as of 2013 the highest magnetic fields that
can be achieved are about 100 T. In fact, the National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory (NHMFL), having branches at Florida State University, University of Florida and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), USA, reached
100.75 T at the Los Alamos branch in 2012. The Dresden High Magnetic
Field Laboratory (Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden, HLD) at the HelmholtzZentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, reached 91.4 T in 2011, a record at
the time, and 94.2 T in 2012.
So for practical purposes, the only way to achieve high energies is to increase