Index 187
EN 206-1 standard, 17, 20, 21, 22
Equivalent Concrete
Performance Concept
(ECPC), 21–22
Erosion
abrasion, caused by, 117–118
cavitation, caused by, 116–117
defining, 116
Ettringite, 49
Excavation, improper, 36
Explosions, direct loading caused
by, 100
Failure probability, 26
Failures, structural
Grande Arche, Paris, cladding, 39
human error, role of, 30
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse,
38–39
Melle Bridge collapse, 30, 31–33
roof collapse, Belgium, 36–37
Shanghai, China, apartment
building collapse, 34–37
Sleipner A sinking, 33–36
Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge
collapse, 37–38
unavoidable, 30
Fick’s first law, 170
Fick’s second law, 175
Fillers, concrete, 9
Finite element analysis, 34
Fire, impact of, 122–123, 128–129
Formworks
demoulding, 62–63
flexibility, 60
leaking, 60–61
positioning, 61
selecting, 93
strength of, 60
Free lime, 50–51, 129
Freeze-thaw cycles, 104, 106, 109.
See also Frost attacks
Freeze-thaw damage, 22
Frost attacks, 42. See also
Freeze-thaw cycles
air void system, 107–108
capillary radius, role of, 105
cement type, role of, 108
concrete quality, role of, 113
crystallisation pressure, 105–106
de-icing salts; see De-icing salts
freezing rate, 109
glue-spall theory; see Glue-spall
theory
hydraulic pressure, 104–105
ice thickness, 113
mechanism of, 102, 104
mitigating, 109, 114
osmotic pressure, 107
salt scaling; see Salt scaling
saturation, degree of, 107
temperature, 109
water/cement ratio, impact of, 108
Glen Canyon Dam, 117
Glue-spall theory, 110, 111–112
Grande Arche, Paris, cladding, 39
Gypsum, 145
Hardening. See also Shrinkage
autogeneous shrinkage, 71, 73,
75, 76
chemical shrinkage, 71, 73
crack formation during, 70, 72
drying shrinkage during; see Drying
shrinkage
internal restraint, 72
mineral compositions, effects
of, 73
overview, 69–70
slowing through hydration, 83
water/cement ratio, 73
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse,
38–39
Hydration process, cement, 70–71
heat of, 72, 90
shrinkage, relationship between,
73, 76
temperature, environmental, effect
of, 91
Hydraulic pressure theory, 104–105
Hydrogen embrittlement, 177
Hydrostatic pressure, 34
Interfacial transition zone (ITZ),
116–117
K-values, 21
Kontich Bridge, 133
LA cement, 50
Labcrete, 14
Laitance, 66
LD-slag, 52
EN 206-1 standard, 17, 20, 21, 22
Equivalent Concrete
Performance Concept
(ECPC), 21–22
Erosion
abrasion, caused by, 117–118
cavitation, caused by, 116–117
defining, 116
Ettringite, 49
Excavation, improper, 36
Explosions, direct loading caused
by, 100
Failure probability, 26
Failures, structural
Grande Arche, Paris, cladding, 39
human error, role of, 30
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse,
38–39
Melle Bridge collapse, 30, 31–33
roof collapse, Belgium, 36–37
Shanghai, China, apartment
building collapse, 34–37
Sleipner A sinking, 33–36
Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge
collapse, 37–38
unavoidable, 30
Fick’s first law, 170
Fick’s second law, 175
Fillers, concrete, 9
Finite element analysis, 34
Fire, impact of, 122–123, 128–129
Formworks
demoulding, 62–63
flexibility, 60
leaking, 60–61
positioning, 61
selecting, 93
strength of, 60
Free lime, 50–51, 129
Freeze-thaw cycles, 104, 106, 109.
See also Frost attacks
Freeze-thaw damage, 22
Frost attacks, 42. See also
Freeze-thaw cycles
air void system, 107–108
capillary radius, role of, 105
cement type, role of, 108
concrete quality, role of, 113
crystallisation pressure, 105–106
de-icing salts; see De-icing salts
freezing rate, 109
glue-spall theory; see Glue-spall
theory
hydraulic pressure, 104–105
ice thickness, 113
mechanism of, 102, 104
mitigating, 109, 114
osmotic pressure, 107
salt scaling; see Salt scaling
saturation, degree of, 107
temperature, 109
water/cement ratio, impact of, 108
Glen Canyon Dam, 117
Glue-spall theory, 110, 111–112
Grande Arche, Paris, cladding, 39
Gypsum, 145
Hardening. See also Shrinkage
autogeneous shrinkage, 71, 73,
75, 76
chemical shrinkage, 71, 73
crack formation during, 70, 72
drying shrinkage during; see Drying
shrinkage
internal restraint, 72
mineral compositions, effects
of, 73
overview, 69–70
slowing through hydration, 83
water/cement ratio, 73
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse,
38–39
Hydration process, cement, 70–71
heat of, 72, 90
shrinkage, relationship between,
73, 76
temperature, environmental, effect
of, 91
Hydraulic pressure theory, 104–105
Hydrogen embrittlement, 177
Hydrostatic pressure, 34
Interfacial transition zone (ITZ),
116–117
K-values, 21
Kontich Bridge, 133
LA cement, 50
Labcrete, 14
Laitance, 66
LD-slag, 52