186 Index
Chlorides, 12, 15, 17, 22, 50
Code standards for concrete. See also
specific codes
Australian standards, 19, 20
Canadian standards, 19, 20
Equivalent Concrete Performance
Concept (ECPC); see
Equivalent Concrete
Performance Concept
(ECPC)
European standards, 17, 20
exposure classes, 17, 19–20
Indian standards, 19
North American standards, 19
Concrete structures. See also
Reinforced concrete
design deviations, 6–7
external restraint of, 129
fillers; see Fillers, concrete
internal restraint of, 129
quality of, 4
repair versus rehabilitation, 4, 8, 9
service life, 4–5
structural response, 7
thermal conductivity of, 125–126
Concrete, reinforced. See Reinforced
concrete
Construction industry, growth of, 3
Corrosion
carbonation-induced, 166, 168–170
chloride-induced; see Chlorideinduced corrosion
cost issues, 7–8
features of, 162
inhibitors, 168
phases of, 166–168
process, 163
steel reinforcement, on, 163,
164–166
widespread nature of, 162
Corrosion-resistant alloys, 168
Cracking, 29, 30
Creep effect, 39–41
Cryogenic conditions, 119–122
Crystallisation
frost attacks, during, 105–106
moisture movement, caused by,
130–131
Cumulative distribution function
(CDF), 24
Curing, concrete, 14–15, 16–17
insufficient, 45
De-icing salts, 104, 109–110, 111.
See also Glue-spall theory
Dedolomitization, 139
Deflection, 30
Degradation of concrete, 1
environmental causes, 3–4, 42
mechanisms, 23–24
mix design, bad, 42–43
time element, 3
Delayed ettringite formation, 144, 146,
148, 154–155
Demoulding, 45, 62–63
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 123
Direct loading, 100
Discolouring caused by moisture,
130–131
Drying shrinkage
aggregate content, relationship
between, 78
atmospheric parameters, 79
crack formation, 114–115
geometrical parameters, 79
irreversible, 77–78
mitigation of, 80
overview, 76
paste volume, role of, 78
process, 77
technological parameters, 79–80
time development, 79
Durability indicators, 22–23
Durability of concrete, 1, 4–5
casting; see Casting, concrete
cement content, 12
cement type, 13
chemical properties of, 9–10
code requirements, 17, 19–20
compacting, 14–15, 57–60
curing; see Curing, concrete
design of, 9
importance of, 9
indicators, 22–23
matrix, cement, 10–11
microstructure, role of, 10
permeability, 11, 12
porosity, 10, 11
strength issues, 13–14
thickness, 15, 16, 55
water/cement ratio, 11–12, 20–21
Duracrete Model, 26–27
Earthquakes, loading caused by, 100
Elastic design, 4
Chlorides, 12, 15, 17, 22, 50
Code standards for concrete. See also
specific codes
Australian standards, 19, 20
Canadian standards, 19, 20
Equivalent Concrete Performance
Concept (ECPC); see
Equivalent Concrete
Performance Concept
(ECPC)
European standards, 17, 20
exposure classes, 17, 19–20
Indian standards, 19
North American standards, 19
Concrete structures. See also
Reinforced concrete
design deviations, 6–7
external restraint of, 129
fillers; see Fillers, concrete
internal restraint of, 129
quality of, 4
repair versus rehabilitation, 4, 8, 9
service life, 4–5
structural response, 7
thermal conductivity of, 125–126
Concrete, reinforced. See Reinforced
concrete
Construction industry, growth of, 3
Corrosion
carbonation-induced, 166, 168–170
chloride-induced; see Chlorideinduced corrosion
cost issues, 7–8
features of, 162
inhibitors, 168
phases of, 166–168
process, 163
steel reinforcement, on, 163,
164–166
widespread nature of, 162
Corrosion-resistant alloys, 168
Cracking, 29, 30
Creep effect, 39–41
Cryogenic conditions, 119–122
Crystallisation
frost attacks, during, 105–106
moisture movement, caused by,
130–131
Cumulative distribution function
(CDF), 24
Curing, concrete, 14–15, 16–17
insufficient, 45
De-icing salts, 104, 109–110, 111.
See also Glue-spall theory
Dedolomitization, 139
Deflection, 30
Degradation of concrete, 1
environmental causes, 3–4, 42
mechanisms, 23–24
mix design, bad, 42–43
time element, 3
Delayed ettringite formation, 144, 146,
148, 154–155
Demoulding, 45, 62–63
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 123
Direct loading, 100
Discolouring caused by moisture,
130–131
Drying shrinkage
aggregate content, relationship
between, 78
atmospheric parameters, 79
crack formation, 114–115
geometrical parameters, 79
irreversible, 77–78
mitigation of, 80
overview, 76
paste volume, role of, 78
process, 77
technological parameters, 79–80
time development, 79
Durability indicators, 22–23
Durability of concrete, 1, 4–5
casting; see Casting, concrete
cement content, 12
cement type, 13
chemical properties of, 9–10
code requirements, 17, 19–20
compacting, 14–15, 57–60
curing; see Curing, concrete
design of, 9
importance of, 9
indicators, 22–23
matrix, cement, 10–11
microstructure, role of, 10
permeability, 11, 12
porosity, 10, 11
strength issues, 13–14
thickness, 15, 16, 55
water/cement ratio, 11–12, 20–21
Duracrete Model, 26–27
Earthquakes, loading caused by, 100
Elastic design, 4