188 Index
Lightweight aggregates (LWA), 74
Limestone, 1
Load repetition, 100
Low-alkali content cement. See LA
cement
Magnel, G., 5
Magnesium silicate hydrate, 145
Magnesium sulfate, 147
Matrix, cement. See Cement matrix
Mechanical loading, 99
Melle Bridge collapse, 30, 31–33
Microcracks, 116–117
Mixing, concrete
chloride content, 50
free lime, 50–51
homogeneity, 48
overview, 48
sulfate attacks; see Sulfate attacks
Monosulphate, 10
Mont Blanc Tunnel fire, 122
Montreal Olympic Stadium, 142–143
NBN B15-100 standard, 22
Nucleation, 104
Pigment powders, 48
Plastic stage
bleeding, 66–67
description, 63
settlement, 66
shrinkage, 63–65
Plasticity, 29
Plasticizers, 46, 47
super, 78
water/cement ratio, reduction
of, 91
Polycarboxylic ether, 75
Ponding effect, 37
Pont du Gard, 1
Pop-outs, 132
Portland cement, 90, 143, 145
water/cement ratio, 13
Pourbaix diagram, 168
Puzzolan, 9, 78, 90
Pyrites, 52
Reference concrete (REF), 74
Reinforced concrete. See also
Concrete structures; Steel
reinforcement
bridges, 100
degradation of; see Degradation of
concrete
durability; see Durability of
concrete
introduction of, 1, 3
thickness, 100
Reliability index, 26
Salt scaling, 109–110, 111,
112–113, 114. See also
De-icing salts
Sand stripes, 67
Self-compacting concrete (SCC), 15,
45, 60
Settlements, 30
differential, 102
Shanghai, China, apartment building
collapse, 30, 34–37
Shear forces, internal, 36
Shrinkage
autogeneous, 71, 73, 75, 76
carbonation shrinkage; see
Carbonation shrinkage
chemical, 71, 73
drying; see Drying shrinkage
mitigating, 73, 80, 92, 93
paste volume, role of, 73
thermal; see Thermal shrinkage
Sleipner A sinking, 30, 33–36
Snow loading, 36–37
Sodium sulfate, 145–146
Spalling, 30
explosive, 126–128
risks of, 127
Steel reinforcement, 15
amount of, 53
cables, prestressing, 55–57
cages, 55
corrosion of; see Corrosion
density of, 54
positioning, 52–53, 53–54, 55
Stress-corrosion cracking, 177
Structural failures. See Failures,
structural
Sulfate attacks, 42, 48–49
calcium sulfate, 146–147
chemical attacks, 144, 145–146
defining, 143
external attack, 144
internal attack, 144
magnesium sulfate, 147
mitigating, 150–151, 153
Lightweight aggregates (LWA), 74
Limestone, 1
Load repetition, 100
Low-alkali content cement. See LA
cement
Magnel, G., 5
Magnesium silicate hydrate, 145
Magnesium sulfate, 147
Matrix, cement. See Cement matrix
Mechanical loading, 99
Melle Bridge collapse, 30, 31–33
Microcracks, 116–117
Mixing, concrete
chloride content, 50
free lime, 50–51
homogeneity, 48
overview, 48
sulfate attacks; see Sulfate attacks
Monosulphate, 10
Mont Blanc Tunnel fire, 122
Montreal Olympic Stadium, 142–143
NBN B15-100 standard, 22
Nucleation, 104
Pigment powders, 48
Plastic stage
bleeding, 66–67
description, 63
settlement, 66
shrinkage, 63–65
Plasticity, 29
Plasticizers, 46, 47
super, 78
water/cement ratio, reduction
of, 91
Polycarboxylic ether, 75
Ponding effect, 37
Pont du Gard, 1
Pop-outs, 132
Portland cement, 90, 143, 145
water/cement ratio, 13
Pourbaix diagram, 168
Puzzolan, 9, 78, 90
Pyrites, 52
Reference concrete (REF), 74
Reinforced concrete. See also
Concrete structures; Steel
reinforcement
bridges, 100
degradation of; see Degradation of
concrete
durability; see Durability of
concrete
introduction of, 1, 3
thickness, 100
Reliability index, 26
Salt scaling, 109–110, 111,
112–113, 114. See also
De-icing salts
Sand stripes, 67
Self-compacting concrete (SCC), 15,
45, 60
Settlements, 30
differential, 102
Shanghai, China, apartment building
collapse, 30, 34–37
Shear forces, internal, 36
Shrinkage
autogeneous, 71, 73, 75, 76
carbonation shrinkage; see
Carbonation shrinkage
chemical, 71, 73
drying; see Drying shrinkage
mitigating, 73, 80, 92, 93
paste volume, role of, 73
thermal; see Thermal shrinkage
Sleipner A sinking, 30, 33–36
Snow loading, 36–37
Sodium sulfate, 145–146
Spalling, 30
explosive, 126–128
risks of, 127
Steel reinforcement, 15
amount of, 53
cables, prestressing, 55–57
cages, 55
corrosion of; see Corrosion
density of, 54
positioning, 52–53, 53–54, 55
Stress-corrosion cracking, 177
Structural failures. See Failures,
structural
Sulfate attacks, 42, 48–49
calcium sulfate, 146–147
chemical attacks, 144, 145–146
defining, 143
external attack, 144
internal attack, 144
magnesium sulfate, 147
mitigating, 150–151, 153