584
L. de O. M. Leite et al.
It can also be understood as human-system interface technology, being divided
into two levels. The micro level includes human-machine interface or hardware
ergonomics, human-environment interface or environmental ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics or software ergonomics. The macro level consists of humanorganization-machine interface or macroergonomics.
Macroergonomics, defined by Hendrick, works in order to integrate the
organization-human-machine systems, considers the human factor within the organization and external factors that influence its work, encompassing socio-technical
characteristics of the organization, considering characteristics of the work system,
the external system and the personal system and also macroergonomics (Hendrick
1995).
The macroergonomic approach makes use of participatory ergonomics, providing
with the involvement of employees to improve productivity, increased satisfaction,
improvement in safety at work and in the company, causing reduction of errors and
accidents (Iida 2005).
There are several methods of applying macroergonomics, one of which is the
Macroergonomic Analysis of Work (MAW). MAW can be used as a way of surveying
problem situations, problem analysis, ergonomic diagnosis, definition of problems to
be prioritized and proposing solutions that are then validated and implemented. The
success of the application of MAW is linked to the participation of the worker in the
decision-making processes of design, development and implementation of improvements, because it increases feelings of responsibility, motivation and satisfaction in
relation to work (Guimarães 1999).
Throughout the application of the method, the separation of the ergonomic
demands of workers by personal factors, external factors and internal factors that
are separated in the constructs Environment, Biomechanical, Work Organization,
Risk and Enterprise (EBCORE) (Guimarães 1999).
The Environment construct refers to temperature, ventilation, air quality, noise
and lighting of the working environment. The Biomechanical construct refers to characteristics related to the job. The Cognitive construct refers to the items as physical
effort, mental effort, monotonous work, limited work, creative work, dynamic work,
work, complex work, repetitive work, grueling work, work involves responsibility,
job appreciation, autonomy at work, stressful work, psychological pressure by superiorsands, feels job safety, likes work and workload. The Work Organization construct
refers to the characteristics of design and organization of the work performed. The
Risk construct refers to all occupational-related risks, and may be accidents, physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic. Finally, the Enterprise construct lists items
related to the organization of the company, such as departments, benefits, salaries,
among others (Guimarães 1999).
L. de O. M. Leite et al.
It can also be understood as human-system interface technology, being divided
into two levels. The micro level includes human-machine interface or hardware
ergonomics, human-environment interface or environmental ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics or software ergonomics. The macro level consists of humanorganization-machine interface or macroergonomics.
Macroergonomics, defined by Hendrick, works in order to integrate the
organization-human-machine systems, considers the human factor within the organization and external factors that influence its work, encompassing socio-technical
characteristics of the organization, considering characteristics of the work system,
the external system and the personal system and also macroergonomics (Hendrick
1995).
The macroergonomic approach makes use of participatory ergonomics, providing
with the involvement of employees to improve productivity, increased satisfaction,
improvement in safety at work and in the company, causing reduction of errors and
accidents (Iida 2005).
There are several methods of applying macroergonomics, one of which is the
Macroergonomic Analysis of Work (MAW). MAW can be used as a way of surveying
problem situations, problem analysis, ergonomic diagnosis, definition of problems to
be prioritized and proposing solutions that are then validated and implemented. The
success of the application of MAW is linked to the participation of the worker in the
decision-making processes of design, development and implementation of improvements, because it increases feelings of responsibility, motivation and satisfaction in
relation to work (Guimarães 1999).
Throughout the application of the method, the separation of the ergonomic
demands of workers by personal factors, external factors and internal factors that
are separated in the constructs Environment, Biomechanical, Work Organization,
Risk and Enterprise (EBCORE) (Guimarães 1999).
The Environment construct refers to temperature, ventilation, air quality, noise
and lighting of the working environment. The Biomechanical construct refers to characteristics related to the job. The Cognitive construct refers to the items as physical
effort, mental effort, monotonous work, limited work, creative work, dynamic work,
work, complex work, repetitive work, grueling work, work involves responsibility,
job appreciation, autonomy at work, stressful work, psychological pressure by superiorsands, feels job safety, likes work and workload. The Work Organization construct
refers to the characteristics of design and organization of the work performed. The
Risk construct refers to all occupational-related risks, and may be accidents, physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic. Finally, the Enterprise construct lists items
related to the organization of the company, such as departments, benefits, salaries,
among others (Guimarães 1999).