Power (mW)
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
InP Gunn
Si IMPATT
GaAs TUNNETT
RTD
0.1
Varactor
multipliers
Varistor
multipliers
1
JPL
frequency
multipliers
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
Frequency (THz)
Figure 7.8 Peak performance of solid-state electronic THz sources using frequency multiplication of microwave technology. InP Gunn, Si impact ionization avalanche transit-time device
(IMPATT), GaAs tunneling transit-time diode (TUNNETT), and resonant tunneling diode
(RTD). (Data courtesy of Dr. H. Eisele, University of Leeds, UK.) Varactor multiplier and varistor
multiplier data. (Courtesy of Dr. Hessler, Virginia Diodes, Inc., Charlottesville, VA. Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) frequency multiplier unit. (Data courtesy of Peter Siegel, JPL SWAT Team.)
10
7
10
7
10
6
Gyrotrons
10 6
10
5
FEL
10 5
Power (mW)
10 4
10 4
10 3
TWT
10 3
10 2
t-BWO
c-BWO
h-BWO
10 2
10 1
10 1
10 0
10 0
10 −1
10
−1
0.1
1
Frequency (THz)
Figure 7.10 Peak performance of THz sources that use electron accelerators or electron
vacuum tubes. t-backward wave oscillator (BWO). (Data courtesy of Dr. A. Gershteyn (Insight
Product Company LLC.) c-BWO, h-BWO, travelling wave tube (TWT) data courtesy of Dr. Gerald
Mearini (Teraphysics LLC.) Gyrotron. (Data courtesy of Dr. Glyavin (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
Glyavin, M. Y., A. G. Luchinin et al. 2008. Phys Rev Lett 100(1):015101–3.) Free-electron laser
(FEL.) (Data courtesy of Dr. Michael Klopf (Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA). Note: FEL
and gyrotrons are pulsed sources (pulse power is plotted), whereas other sources are CW sources.