114
Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems
Vasilkoski, Z., A. T. Esser, T. R. Gowrishankar, and J. C. Weaver. 2006. Membrane electroporation: the absolute rate equation and nanosecond time scale pore creation. Phys
Rev E 74:021904.
Vernier, P. T., Y. Sun, M. T. Chen, M. A. Gundersen, and G. L. Craviso. 2008. Nanosecond
electric pulse-induced calcium entry into chromaffin cells. Bioelectrochemistry 73:1–4.
Vernier, P. T., Y. Sun, L. Marcu, S. Salemi, C. M. Craft, and M. A. Gundersen. 2003 Calcium
bursts induced by nanosecond electric pulses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
310:286–95.
Wagner, K. W. 1914. Erklärung der dielectrischen nachwirkungsvorgänge auf grund
maxwellscher vorstellungen. Arch Electrotech 2:371–87.
Wang, Z., Y. Alfadhl, and X. Chen. 2008. Numerical microdosimetry of complex shaped
cell models in electroporation. IEEE Antennas Propag Soc, AP-S Int Symp (Digest)
4320–23.
Wang, R. Y., Y. R. Yang, M. W. Tsai, W. Y. J. Wang, and R. C. Chan. 2002. Effects of functional electric stimulation on upper limb motor function and shoulder range of
motion in hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:283–90.
Weaver, J. C. 2000. Electroporation of cells and tissues. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28:24–33.
Weaver, J. C. 2003. Electroporation of biological membranes from multicellular to
nanoscales. IEEE Trans Diel Electr Ins 10:754–68.
Weaver, J. C., and Y. Chizmadzhev. 1996. Theory of electroporation: A review.
Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 41:135–60.
Weaver, J. C., and R. A. Mintzer. 1981. Decreased bilayer stability due to transmembrane
potentials. Phys Lett A 86:57–9.
Weaver, J. C., T. E. Vaughan, and Y. Chizmadzhev. 1999. Theory of electrical creation of
aqueous pathways across skin transport barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 35:21–39.
Wertheimer, N., and E. Leeper. 1979. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood
cancer. Am J Epidemid 109:273–84.
West, R. W., W. G. Hinson, D. B. Lyle, and M. L. Swicord. 1994. Enhancement of anchorageindependent growth in JB6 cells exposed to 60 Hertz magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem
Bioenerg 34:39–43.
Wexler, A. S., J. Ding, and S. A. Binder-Macleod. 1997. A mathematical model that predicts skeletal muscle force. IEEE Trans Biomed Engr 44:337–48.
Wiltschko, W., and R. Wiltschko. 1995. Magnetic Orientation in Animals. Berlin: Springer
Verlag.
Winterhalter, M., and W. Helfrich. 1987. Effect of voltage on pores in membranes. Phys
Rev A 36:5874–6.
Zimmermann, U. 1982. Electric field mediated fusion and related electrical phenomena.
Biochim Biophys Acta 694:227–77.
Zoratti, M., and I. Szabo. 1995. The mitochondrial permeability transition. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1241:139–76.
Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems
Vasilkoski, Z., A. T. Esser, T. R. Gowrishankar, and J. C. Weaver. 2006. Membrane electroporation: the absolute rate equation and nanosecond time scale pore creation. Phys
Rev E 74:021904.
Vernier, P. T., Y. Sun, M. T. Chen, M. A. Gundersen, and G. L. Craviso. 2008. Nanosecond
electric pulse-induced calcium entry into chromaffin cells. Bioelectrochemistry 73:1–4.
Vernier, P. T., Y. Sun, L. Marcu, S. Salemi, C. M. Craft, and M. A. Gundersen. 2003 Calcium
bursts induced by nanosecond electric pulses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
310:286–95.
Wagner, K. W. 1914. Erklärung der dielectrischen nachwirkungsvorgänge auf grund
maxwellscher vorstellungen. Arch Electrotech 2:371–87.
Wang, Z., Y. Alfadhl, and X. Chen. 2008. Numerical microdosimetry of complex shaped
cell models in electroporation. IEEE Antennas Propag Soc, AP-S Int Symp (Digest)
4320–23.
Wang, R. Y., Y. R. Yang, M. W. Tsai, W. Y. J. Wang, and R. C. Chan. 2002. Effects of functional electric stimulation on upper limb motor function and shoulder range of
motion in hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:283–90.
Weaver, J. C. 2000. Electroporation of cells and tissues. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28:24–33.
Weaver, J. C. 2003. Electroporation of biological membranes from multicellular to
nanoscales. IEEE Trans Diel Electr Ins 10:754–68.
Weaver, J. C., and Y. Chizmadzhev. 1996. Theory of electroporation: A review.
Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 41:135–60.
Weaver, J. C., and R. A. Mintzer. 1981. Decreased bilayer stability due to transmembrane
potentials. Phys Lett A 86:57–9.
Weaver, J. C., T. E. Vaughan, and Y. Chizmadzhev. 1999. Theory of electrical creation of
aqueous pathways across skin transport barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 35:21–39.
Wertheimer, N., and E. Leeper. 1979. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood
cancer. Am J Epidemid 109:273–84.
West, R. W., W. G. Hinson, D. B. Lyle, and M. L. Swicord. 1994. Enhancement of anchorageindependent growth in JB6 cells exposed to 60 Hertz magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem
Bioenerg 34:39–43.
Wexler, A. S., J. Ding, and S. A. Binder-Macleod. 1997. A mathematical model that predicts skeletal muscle force. IEEE Trans Biomed Engr 44:337–48.
Wiltschko, W., and R. Wiltschko. 1995. Magnetic Orientation in Animals. Berlin: Springer
Verlag.
Winterhalter, M., and W. Helfrich. 1987. Effect of voltage on pores in membranes. Phys
Rev A 36:5874–6.
Zimmermann, U. 1982. Electric field mediated fusion and related electrical phenomena.
Biochim Biophys Acta 694:227–77.
Zoratti, M., and I. Szabo. 1995. The mitochondrial permeability transition. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1241:139–76.