115
3
Static, LowFrequency, and
Pulsed Magnetic
Fields in Biological
Systems
3.1 Introduction .......................................................... 115

3.2 Mechanisms of Biological Effects and
Biomagnetic Phenomena of Magnetic Fields ... 116
3.3 Experimental Studies on Magnetic
Field Effects............................................................124
In Vivo Studies • Tissue, Molecular, and
Cellular Studies
3.4 Response of Plants and Microorganisms to
Magnetic Fields ..................................................... 153
Plant Growth, Response, and
Magnetotropism • Magnetotaxis • Antibacterial
Effects
3.5 Medical Applications ........................................... 157

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Induced
Current • Magnetoencephalography • Magnetic
Resonance Imaging • Magnetic Orientation for
Tissue Engineering • Treatments of Pain, Cancer,
and Other Diseases
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................. 173

Shoogo Ueno
Acknowledgment..............................................................174

Hideyuki Okano
References..........................................................................174

3.1 Introduction
It is presumed that life on Earth has evolved in the presence of natural and ubiquitous
magnetic fields, that is, the geomagnetic field and magnetic storms. It is not surprising that biological systems can respond to a wide range of magnetic fields including