while the amount of saturated fatty acid was 32%. Table 1.9 shows some of the
physicochemical properties of the biofuel. Generally, biofuel formed from the
mentioned seed and likely other citrus seed oils have good potential to the supply
of biofuel (Rashid et al. 2013).
Gosavi et al. produced bioethanol by using fruit wastes like Indian water chestnut,
sweet potato, jackfruit, and pineapple. An extreme amount of bioethanol was
obtained from pineapple waste (0.090% or 0.90 mg/ml) and then sweet potato
waste (0.079% or 0.79 mg/ml). The method used was a simple, reliable process
Table 1.9 The physicochemical properties of biodiesel
(Rashid et al. 2013)
Properties (units)
Biofuel
USA
ASTM D6751
Flash point (
C)
164
<130
Viscosity at 40
C (cSt)
4.17
1.9–6
Cetane number (min)
57.6
47
Sulfur content (%)
0.019
0.05 max
Acid content (mg KOH/g)
0.34
0.5 max
Oxidative stability (h)
2.69
3 min
Magnesium
0.01
5 ppm max combined
Phosphorus
1.2
0.001% mass max
Fig. 1.18 Influence of time, temperature, and content of FAME on the yield of biodiesel (Chung
et al. 2009)
1 Biofuel Production Technologies, Comparing the Biofuels and Fossil Fuels
23