for economical bioconversion of the given fruit waste to alcohol. Fruit waste is
readily available and helped to decrease the price of biofuel (Gosavi et al. 2017).
Chung et al. employed duck tallow as a feedstock for the making of biodiesel by
transesterification with methanol. The consequences disclosed that the high value of
fatty acid methyl ester (97%) was achieved at the catalyst amount KOH 1 wt%,
reaction temperature 65
C, and 3 h reaction time (Fig. 1.18) (Chung et al. 2009).
Bojan et al. studied response surface methodology to decide the ideal response
situations for the creation of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. The consequences
revealed that the ideal situations for extreme yield of biodiesel (81.936%) were
catalyst amount of 2.06 (% w/w), oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:7.28, reaction temperature of 61
C, and 90 min reaction time.
Table 1.10 offers the diverse attributes of raw Jatropha curcas oil and
manufactured biodiesel (Bojan et al. 2011).
References
Achinas S, Horjus J, Achinas V, Euverink GJ (2019) A PESTLE analysis of biofuels energy
industry in Europe. Sustainability 11:21
Adeniyi OM, Azimov U, Burluka A (2018) Algae biofuel: current status and future applications.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 90:316–335
Akbar E, Yaakob Z, Kamarudin SK, Ismail M, Salimon J (2009) Characteristic and composition of
Jatropha Curcas oil seed from Malaysia and it’s potential as biodiesel feedstock feedstock.
European. Aust J Sci Res 29:3
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H (2012) Evaluation of leather industry wastes as a feedstock for
biodiesel production. Fuel 95:214–220
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H (2014) Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal
fats in a pilot plant. Waste Manag 34:11
Ashraful AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Imtenan S, Shahir SA, Mobarak HM
(2014) Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission
characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: a review. Energ Conver
Manage 80:202–228
Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN (2012) Production of biodiesel using
high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:5
Balat M, Balat H (2010) Progress in biodiesel processing. Appl Energy 87:6
Table 1.10 Investigation of different attributes of manufactured biodiesel (Bojan et al. 2011)
Properties (units)
Raw Jatropha curcas
oil
Jatropha methyl
ester
ASTM standard
Viscosity at 40
C (mm
2
/
s)
40.28
4.2
1.9–6.0
Acid content (mg KOH/g) 13.7
0.14
0.50 maximum
Flash point (
C)
220
105
130
Cetane number (min)
51
52.3
47
Sulfur value (%)
0.02% w/w
Nil
15 ppm
maximum
24
Z. Shahi and M. Khajeh Mehrizi
readily available and helped to decrease the price of biofuel (Gosavi et al. 2017).
Chung et al. employed duck tallow as a feedstock for the making of biodiesel by
transesterification with methanol. The consequences disclosed that the high value of
fatty acid methyl ester (97%) was achieved at the catalyst amount KOH 1 wt%,
reaction temperature 65
C, and 3 h reaction time (Fig. 1.18) (Chung et al. 2009).
Bojan et al. studied response surface methodology to decide the ideal response
situations for the creation of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. The consequences
revealed that the ideal situations for extreme yield of biodiesel (81.936%) were
catalyst amount of 2.06 (% w/w), oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:7.28, reaction temperature of 61
C, and 90 min reaction time.
Table 1.10 offers the diverse attributes of raw Jatropha curcas oil and
manufactured biodiesel (Bojan et al. 2011).
References
Achinas S, Horjus J, Achinas V, Euverink GJ (2019) A PESTLE analysis of biofuels energy
industry in Europe. Sustainability 11:21
Adeniyi OM, Azimov U, Burluka A (2018) Algae biofuel: current status and future applications.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 90:316–335
Akbar E, Yaakob Z, Kamarudin SK, Ismail M, Salimon J (2009) Characteristic and composition of
Jatropha Curcas oil seed from Malaysia and it’s potential as biodiesel feedstock feedstock.
European. Aust J Sci Res 29:3
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H (2012) Evaluation of leather industry wastes as a feedstock for
biodiesel production. Fuel 95:214–220
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H (2014) Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal
fats in a pilot plant. Waste Manag 34:11
Ashraful AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Imtenan S, Shahir SA, Mobarak HM
(2014) Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission
characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: a review. Energ Conver
Manage 80:202–228
Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN (2012) Production of biodiesel using
high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:5
Balat M, Balat H (2010) Progress in biodiesel processing. Appl Energy 87:6
Table 1.10 Investigation of different attributes of manufactured biodiesel (Bojan et al. 2011)
Properties (units)
Raw Jatropha curcas
oil
Jatropha methyl
ester
ASTM standard
Viscosity at 40
C (mm
2
/
s)
40.28
4.2
1.9–6.0
Acid content (mg KOH/g) 13.7
0.14
0.50 maximum
Flash point (
C)
220
105
130
Cetane number (min)
51
52.3
47
Sulfur value (%)
0.02% w/w
Nil
15 ppm
maximum
24
Z. Shahi and M. Khajeh Mehrizi