temperature (Dang et al. 2019). The results obtained revealed that gold
(Au) nanoparticles had a crystalline form, a size range from 50 nm going up to
2 μm, having a triangular, hexagonal, and spherical morphology exhibiting antimicrobial properties with suitability in future pharmaceuticals. Sinsinwar et al., in
2018, illustrated the application of an extract of an agricultural waste, Cocos nucifera
shell (coconut), to produce AgNPs, and their antibacterial effect was examined
against certain human pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli (Sinsinwar et al. 2018).
Through a separate experiment, Daniele Baiocco et al., in 2016, investigated the
viability of producing AgNPs by employing phenolic extracts derived from agroindustrial wastes acting as reducing agents (Baiocco et al. 2016). The obtained
results recommended that bilberry wastes (BW) and coffee grounds (SCG) can be
used as reducing agents for the production of metal NPs. Also, agro-industrial wastes
might be chosen as a suitable substitute to the utilization of microorganisms, plants,
or its parts for the purpose of biogenic synthesis of NPs. Quite recently, Zamani et al.
(2018) provide a vision for the use of non-extracted agricultural waste, especially
lignocellulosic biomass, an inexpensive, green, differentiated resource, and policy
for the synthesis of valuable nanoporous materials and nanoparticles (Zamani et al.
2018). Table 8.6 lists the different agricultural wastes employed in the synthesis of
nanoparticles along with their applications.
8.5 Problems Met During the Development of Green
Technology
Green synthesis of both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has widely been an area
of interest for research in the last few years. Various forms of natural extracts
(namely, fungi, bacteria, algae, and plant extract) have been utilized as competent
resources for the synthesis and fabrication of material. Through the literature, it was
revealed that there are challenging limitations that inhibit the development of green
technology, some of them being technical, engineering, as well as economical
shortcomings related to the type and concentration of plant extracts, optimal experimental conditions (time, temperature, pH), yield, stoichiometric ratios of the
reagents, and product characterization/application. Additionally, operational scalability, process-engineering constraint, as well as a deficiency of life cycle assessment as well pose a potent issue. Importantly, the biosynthesis of metals as well as
their oxide nanoparticles using marine algae and marine plants largely remains much
to be explored. Likewise, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is significant in a variety of
applications; therefore, the controlled synthesis is considered as one of the most
challenging tasks in the development of novel nanotechnology.
196
T. Singh et al.
(Au) nanoparticles had a crystalline form, a size range from 50 nm going up to
2 μm, having a triangular, hexagonal, and spherical morphology exhibiting antimicrobial properties with suitability in future pharmaceuticals. Sinsinwar et al., in
2018, illustrated the application of an extract of an agricultural waste, Cocos nucifera
shell (coconut), to produce AgNPs, and their antibacterial effect was examined
against certain human pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli (Sinsinwar et al. 2018).
Through a separate experiment, Daniele Baiocco et al., in 2016, investigated the
viability of producing AgNPs by employing phenolic extracts derived from agroindustrial wastes acting as reducing agents (Baiocco et al. 2016). The obtained
results recommended that bilberry wastes (BW) and coffee grounds (SCG) can be
used as reducing agents for the production of metal NPs. Also, agro-industrial wastes
might be chosen as a suitable substitute to the utilization of microorganisms, plants,
or its parts for the purpose of biogenic synthesis of NPs. Quite recently, Zamani et al.
(2018) provide a vision for the use of non-extracted agricultural waste, especially
lignocellulosic biomass, an inexpensive, green, differentiated resource, and policy
for the synthesis of valuable nanoporous materials and nanoparticles (Zamani et al.
2018). Table 8.6 lists the different agricultural wastes employed in the synthesis of
nanoparticles along with their applications.
8.5 Problems Met During the Development of Green
Technology
Green synthesis of both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has widely been an area
of interest for research in the last few years. Various forms of natural extracts
(namely, fungi, bacteria, algae, and plant extract) have been utilized as competent
resources for the synthesis and fabrication of material. Through the literature, it was
revealed that there are challenging limitations that inhibit the development of green
technology, some of them being technical, engineering, as well as economical
shortcomings related to the type and concentration of plant extracts, optimal experimental conditions (time, temperature, pH), yield, stoichiometric ratios of the
reagents, and product characterization/application. Additionally, operational scalability, process-engineering constraint, as well as a deficiency of life cycle assessment as well pose a potent issue. Importantly, the biosynthesis of metals as well as
their oxide nanoparticles using marine algae and marine plants largely remains much
to be explored. Likewise, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is significant in a variety of
applications; therefore, the controlled synthesis is considered as one of the most
challenging tasks in the development of novel nanotechnology.
196
T. Singh et al.