unreacted methanol/ethanol. Certain impurities may still remain in the coarse biodiesel obtained. The excess impurities were washed by mixing 70 mL water per
200 mL of coarse biodiesel. This washed biodiesel is the final product (Prabhakar
et al. 2011).
Transesterification procedure is followed for oil obtained from waste chicken fat
for biodiesel preparation [Darnoko and Cheryan (2000); Luyben (1989); Niju and
Balajii (2019); Ogunkunle et al. (2017); Oladayo and Kemisola (2017)]. 200 mL of
oil was placed in a round-bottomed flask. Lipase from Candida rugosa was used as a
catalyst, and 20 mL methanol or ethanol is taken in a round-bottomed flask. The
lipase and the alcohol were thoroughly mixed to a homogeneous solution. The
obtained solution is blended with oil in a round-bottomed flask and mixed properly.
The resultant solution with oil was heated to 60
C with continuous stirring at a
constant rate for a certain period of time by stirrer. Next, the solution is then
transferred to the separating funnel and left to settle for 4 h. The methyl ester floats
at the top (coarse biodiesel), and the glycerine settles at the bottom. Methyl/ethyl
ester and glycerine are separated from each other. The coarse biodiesel was heated
above boiling point of water for 10–15 min to get rid of the unreacted methanol/
ethanol. Certain impurities may still remain in the coarse biodiesel obtained. The
excess impurities were washed by mixing 70 mL water per 200 mL of coarse
biodiesel. This washed biodiesel is the final product (Meng et al. 2011).
T. peruviana (yellow oleander) is a potential tropical oil seed plant containing
55–65% oil.
Weight of seed collected ¼ 1292 g
Weight of shell ¼ 850 g
Weight of kernel before grinding ¼ 420 g
Material loss ¼ 22 g
Volume of oil extracted by Soxhlet apparatus ¼ 258 mL
Density of T. peruviana oil ¼ 0.92 g/mL
Weight of oil recovered ¼ 237.36 g
%Oil in ground sample ¼
Weight of oil  100
Weight of sample
¼ 56:5%
In this study, the oil recovery for the seed collected is 56.5% which is in
agreement with the literature (Ibiyemi et al. 2002).
The volume of biodiesel obtained after transesterification of T. peruviana oil and
waste chicken oil at different reaction conditions like alcohol-to-oil ratio, type of
alcohol, reaction temperature and reaction time is measured. The volume of biodiesel obtained is maximum at 0.87 mL waste chicken oil methyl ester (WCOME)/mL
oil at alcohol-to-oil ratio of 1:9, reaction temperature at 60
C and reaction time of
30 min and at 0.88 mL T. peruviana methyl ester (TPME)/mL oil at alcohol-to-oil
ratio of 6:1 at 60
C after 180 min. The WCOME production has an advantage of
reaction time at the maximum value, whereas the TPME production has advantages
of low alcohol-to-oil ratio.
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
147
200 mL of coarse biodiesel. This washed biodiesel is the final product (Prabhakar
et al. 2011).
Transesterification procedure is followed for oil obtained from waste chicken fat
for biodiesel preparation [Darnoko and Cheryan (2000); Luyben (1989); Niju and
Balajii (2019); Ogunkunle et al. (2017); Oladayo and Kemisola (2017)]. 200 mL of
oil was placed in a round-bottomed flask. Lipase from Candida rugosa was used as a
catalyst, and 20 mL methanol or ethanol is taken in a round-bottomed flask. The
lipase and the alcohol were thoroughly mixed to a homogeneous solution. The
obtained solution is blended with oil in a round-bottomed flask and mixed properly.
The resultant solution with oil was heated to 60
C with continuous stirring at a
constant rate for a certain period of time by stirrer. Next, the solution is then
transferred to the separating funnel and left to settle for 4 h. The methyl ester floats
at the top (coarse biodiesel), and the glycerine settles at the bottom. Methyl/ethyl
ester and glycerine are separated from each other. The coarse biodiesel was heated
above boiling point of water for 10–15 min to get rid of the unreacted methanol/
ethanol. Certain impurities may still remain in the coarse biodiesel obtained. The
excess impurities were washed by mixing 70 mL water per 200 mL of coarse
biodiesel. This washed biodiesel is the final product (Meng et al. 2011).
T. peruviana (yellow oleander) is a potential tropical oil seed plant containing
55–65% oil.
Weight of seed collected ¼ 1292 g
Weight of shell ¼ 850 g
Weight of kernel before grinding ¼ 420 g
Material loss ¼ 22 g
Volume of oil extracted by Soxhlet apparatus ¼ 258 mL
Density of T. peruviana oil ¼ 0.92 g/mL
Weight of oil recovered ¼ 237.36 g
%Oil in ground sample ¼
Weight of oil  100
Weight of sample
¼ 56:5%
In this study, the oil recovery for the seed collected is 56.5% which is in
agreement with the literature (Ibiyemi et al. 2002).
The volume of biodiesel obtained after transesterification of T. peruviana oil and
waste chicken oil at different reaction conditions like alcohol-to-oil ratio, type of
alcohol, reaction temperature and reaction time is measured. The volume of biodiesel obtained is maximum at 0.87 mL waste chicken oil methyl ester (WCOME)/mL
oil at alcohol-to-oil ratio of 1:9, reaction temperature at 60
C and reaction time of
30 min and at 0.88 mL T. peruviana methyl ester (TPME)/mL oil at alcohol-to-oil
ratio of 6:1 at 60
C after 180 min. The WCOME production has an advantage of
reaction time at the maximum value, whereas the TPME production has advantages
of low alcohol-to-oil ratio.
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
147