2 hours and the agitator speed of 9000 rph for maximum biodiesel yield of 88.3,
89 and 87.4% for UCO, chicken fat and beef fat, respectively. The results show great
potential for the production of economically feasible biodiesel from cheap raw
materials using the correct method of optimization of the predictor parameters.
Kirubakaran and Selvan (2018) presented a broad review of inexpensive methods
for the production of biodiesel from residual chicken fat.
6.5 Experimental Studies on Biodiesel Production from
Yellow Oleander Oil and Chicken Fat
T. peruviana seeds were procured from Sri Kaumara Madalayam campus,
Chinnavedampatti, Coimbatore, India. Chicken fat was purchased from the local
butchery shop, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, India. Soxhlet apparatus and separating
funnel were from Borosil Glass Works Limited, Chennai. Analytical weighing
balance from Shimadzu Corporation (Model ELB300 was used for weighing the
materials), magnetic stirrer (Remi model 1MLH Make) and heating mantle
(200 watt, 230 volt AC, Guna Enterprises, Chennai) were used.
In Soxhlet extraction, A sample should be tightly held in a closed type of thimble.
So, a piece of filter paper was folded in such a way to hold the seed meal. Another
filter paper was wrapped around a first one which is left open at the top. A cotton
wool was located at the top to distribute the solvent evenly to drip on the sample. The
sample packet was placed in the butt tubes of the extraction apparatus. Diethyl ether
at the rate of 140 drops/min was used for oil extraction for 6 h without any
disturbance by heating gently at 60
C. The solution was cooled and the extraction
flask was dismantled. The ether was evaporated on a water or steam bath until the
odour of ether completely goes off, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature.
The watch glass was weighed and repeated evaporation to constant weight
(Sadasivam and Manickam 1991). Chicken fat was washed with water twice to
remove debris present in it. Then, the chicken fat was melted at 80
C to convert fat
to oil completely and cooled. Finally, the oil obtained from chicken fat was filtered to
remove insoluble present in it (Fayyazi et al. 2015).
Transesterification procedure is followed for oil obtained from T. peruviana seeds
for the biodiesel preparation. 200 mL of oil was placed in a round-bottomed flask.
Potassium hydroxide (4 g) was used as a catalyst, and 20 mL methanol or ethanol is
taken in a round-bottomed flask. The catalyst and the alcohol were thoroughly mixed
to a homogeneous solution. The obtained solution is blended with oil in a roundbottomed flask and mixed properly. The resultant solution with oil was heated to
60
C with continuous stirring at a constant rate for a certain period of time by stirrer.
Next, the solution is then transferred to the separating funnel and left to settle for 4 h.
The methyl ester floats at the top (coarse biodiesel), and the glycerine settles at the
bottom. Methyl/ethyl ester and glycerine are separated from each other. The coarse
biodiesel was heated above boiling point of water for 10–15 min to get rid of the
146
S. Sivamani et al.
89 and 87.4% for UCO, chicken fat and beef fat, respectively. The results show great
potential for the production of economically feasible biodiesel from cheap raw
materials using the correct method of optimization of the predictor parameters.
Kirubakaran and Selvan (2018) presented a broad review of inexpensive methods
for the production of biodiesel from residual chicken fat.
6.5 Experimental Studies on Biodiesel Production from
Yellow Oleander Oil and Chicken Fat
T. peruviana seeds were procured from Sri Kaumara Madalayam campus,
Chinnavedampatti, Coimbatore, India. Chicken fat was purchased from the local
butchery shop, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, India. Soxhlet apparatus and separating
funnel were from Borosil Glass Works Limited, Chennai. Analytical weighing
balance from Shimadzu Corporation (Model ELB300 was used for weighing the
materials), magnetic stirrer (Remi model 1MLH Make) and heating mantle
(200 watt, 230 volt AC, Guna Enterprises, Chennai) were used.
In Soxhlet extraction, A sample should be tightly held in a closed type of thimble.
So, a piece of filter paper was folded in such a way to hold the seed meal. Another
filter paper was wrapped around a first one which is left open at the top. A cotton
wool was located at the top to distribute the solvent evenly to drip on the sample. The
sample packet was placed in the butt tubes of the extraction apparatus. Diethyl ether
at the rate of 140 drops/min was used for oil extraction for 6 h without any
disturbance by heating gently at 60
C. The solution was cooled and the extraction
flask was dismantled. The ether was evaporated on a water or steam bath until the
odour of ether completely goes off, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature.
The watch glass was weighed and repeated evaporation to constant weight
(Sadasivam and Manickam 1991). Chicken fat was washed with water twice to
remove debris present in it. Then, the chicken fat was melted at 80
C to convert fat
to oil completely and cooled. Finally, the oil obtained from chicken fat was filtered to
remove insoluble present in it (Fayyazi et al. 2015).
Transesterification procedure is followed for oil obtained from T. peruviana seeds
for the biodiesel preparation. 200 mL of oil was placed in a round-bottomed flask.
Potassium hydroxide (4 g) was used as a catalyst, and 20 mL methanol or ethanol is
taken in a round-bottomed flask. The catalyst and the alcohol were thoroughly mixed
to a homogeneous solution. The obtained solution is blended with oil in a roundbottomed flask and mixed properly. The resultant solution with oil was heated to
60
C with continuous stirring at a constant rate for a certain period of time by stirrer.
Next, the solution is then transferred to the separating funnel and left to settle for 4 h.
The methyl ester floats at the top (coarse biodiesel), and the glycerine settles at the
bottom. Methyl/ethyl ester and glycerine are separated from each other. The coarse
biodiesel was heated above boiling point of water for 10–15 min to get rid of the
146
S. Sivamani et al.