Alptekin and Canakci (2011) used low-cost material as a feedstock, chicken fat,
to produce methyl ester. After reducing the level of free fatty acids in chicken fat by
less than 1%, the transesterification process was performed with an alkaline catalyst.
KOH, NaOH, CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa were used as the catalysts, and methanol was
used as the alcohol for the transesterification process. The effects of reaction time,
catalyst type and reaction temperature on the properties of methyl esters as a fuel
have been studied. The methyl esters of chicken fat produced were analysed by
finding their density; viscosity; flash point; pour point; methanol content; acid
number; total free glycerine; heat of combustion value; corrosion of copper bands;
mono-, di- and triglycerides; and the performance of esters. The measured fuel
properties of the methyl ester produced from chicken fat complied with the specifications for biodiesel ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 when using high-yield NaOH and
KOH as catalysts.
An experimental study was conducted to study the emissions, combustion and
performance attributes of a diesel engine fed with biodiesel synthesized from
residual chicken fat with aluminium oxide nanoparticles as an additive (Hoque
et al. 2011). Gurusala and Selvan (2015) proposed to remove the lipids from the
fat of the chicken waste to produce biodiesel via the transesterification process as the
removal of chicken waste causes environmental pollution. Since chicken fat constitutes 13.6% free fatty acid (FFA), a pretreatment process was performed using
ferrous sulphate as a catalyst to minimize the FFA content by <1% to avoid soap
formation. KOH was used as a catalyst for the conversion of residual chicken fat
triglycerides to methyl ester effectively. Different blends of biodiesel, diesel and
alumina were made by modifying the biodiesel ratios from 20 to 40 volume percent
and 25 to 50 mg/L alumina nanoparticles to study their performance attributes in a
computer-controlled, constant-speed, single-cylinder IC engine. Aluminium oxide
(Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles were utilized as a catalyst in fuel to reduce harmful emissions
and improve combustion properties. The examination calculations on engine showed
a significant reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and minimal
improvement in thermal braking efficiency. However, increase in surface-to-volume
ratio of nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of the blended fuels and
enhanced the combustion temperature, resulting in better combustion, and more
emissions of nitrogen oxide were recorded. A reduction of smoke up to 52.8% was
noted in the D60 (B40) fuel blend with 50 mg/L full load aluminium oxide
nanoparticles.
Barik and Vijayaraghavan (2020) focused on the production of biodiesel from
inexpensive raw materials, such as animal fat (AF) and used cooking oil (UCO), via
the transesterification process catalysed by alkaline materials, examining the effect
of the process parameters such as (1) moles of raw material to moles of methanol,
(2) mass of catalyst to mass of oil, (3) reaction time and (4) reaction temperature on
the percentage biodiesel yield. Biodiesel has been produced successfully through the
transesterification reaction/process from cheap raw materials. It was also noted that
the predictor parameters directly affected the percentage yield of biodiesel. Optimal
parameters were found in the molar ratio of methanol to oil at 6:1, the concentration
of catalyst at 1.25% (w/w), the reaction temperature at 65
C, the reaction time at
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
145
to produce methyl ester. After reducing the level of free fatty acids in chicken fat by
less than 1%, the transesterification process was performed with an alkaline catalyst.
KOH, NaOH, CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa were used as the catalysts, and methanol was
used as the alcohol for the transesterification process. The effects of reaction time,
catalyst type and reaction temperature on the properties of methyl esters as a fuel
have been studied. The methyl esters of chicken fat produced were analysed by
finding their density; viscosity; flash point; pour point; methanol content; acid
number; total free glycerine; heat of combustion value; corrosion of copper bands;
mono-, di- and triglycerides; and the performance of esters. The measured fuel
properties of the methyl ester produced from chicken fat complied with the specifications for biodiesel ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 when using high-yield NaOH and
KOH as catalysts.
An experimental study was conducted to study the emissions, combustion and
performance attributes of a diesel engine fed with biodiesel synthesized from
residual chicken fat with aluminium oxide nanoparticles as an additive (Hoque
et al. 2011). Gurusala and Selvan (2015) proposed to remove the lipids from the
fat of the chicken waste to produce biodiesel via the transesterification process as the
removal of chicken waste causes environmental pollution. Since chicken fat constitutes 13.6% free fatty acid (FFA), a pretreatment process was performed using
ferrous sulphate as a catalyst to minimize the FFA content by <1% to avoid soap
formation. KOH was used as a catalyst for the conversion of residual chicken fat
triglycerides to methyl ester effectively. Different blends of biodiesel, diesel and
alumina were made by modifying the biodiesel ratios from 20 to 40 volume percent
and 25 to 50 mg/L alumina nanoparticles to study their performance attributes in a
computer-controlled, constant-speed, single-cylinder IC engine. Aluminium oxide
(Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles were utilized as a catalyst in fuel to reduce harmful emissions
and improve combustion properties. The examination calculations on engine showed
a significant reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and minimal
improvement in thermal braking efficiency. However, increase in surface-to-volume
ratio of nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of the blended fuels and
enhanced the combustion temperature, resulting in better combustion, and more
emissions of nitrogen oxide were recorded. A reduction of smoke up to 52.8% was
noted in the D60 (B40) fuel blend with 50 mg/L full load aluminium oxide
nanoparticles.
Barik and Vijayaraghavan (2020) focused on the production of biodiesel from
inexpensive raw materials, such as animal fat (AF) and used cooking oil (UCO), via
the transesterification process catalysed by alkaline materials, examining the effect
of the process parameters such as (1) moles of raw material to moles of methanol,
(2) mass of catalyst to mass of oil, (3) reaction time and (4) reaction temperature on
the percentage biodiesel yield. Biodiesel has been produced successfully through the
transesterification reaction/process from cheap raw materials. It was also noted that
the predictor parameters directly affected the percentage yield of biodiesel. Optimal
parameters were found in the molar ratio of methanol to oil at 6:1, the concentration
of catalyst at 1.25% (w/w), the reaction temperature at 65
C, the reaction time at
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
145