studied the transesterification of lucky nut (T. peruviana) seed oil to biodiesel (fatty
acid methyl esters) using rhizome of Musa balbisiana Colla as a heterogeneous
catalyst. Santosh and Kumarappa (2015) studied the engine functioning and emission attributes of a four-stroke single-cylinder CI (diesel) engine in dual-fuel mode
using Surahonne (Calophyllum inophyllum) biodiesel, Karavera (T. peruviana) biodiesel and petroleum diesel with CNG. Sarmah and Deka (2019) utilized yellow
bells (T. peruviana) seed oil biodiesel as an improver for cetane and lubricity for
petroleum diesel.
Sreenivas et al. (2018) investigated a non-synthetically enunciated petroleum
diesel engine fuelled with blends of T. peruviana seed oil under eight-mode cycles
of testing. Sut et al. (2016) utilized seeds from oil-rich fodder crop Cascabela
thevetia through a cascade of methods for valuable biofuels and by-products. Suwari
et al. (2017) optimized Soxhlet extraction and analysis of physicochemical properties of crop oil from seed kernel of T. peruviana/Feunkase. Suwari et al. (2018)
extracted and characterized crop oil from seed kernels of Feunkase/T. peruviana as a
precursor for the production of biodiesel production.
Temitayo (2017a) optimized oil extraction from T. peruviana (yellow bells) seeds
using two statistical models. Temitayo (2017b) studied solid mineral, calcium
carbonate (limestone), as an effective catalyst for the production of biodiesel from
yellow bells oil (T. peruviana). Yadav et al. (2016) studied biodiesel production
from Nerium oleander (T. peruviana) oil through ultrasonic irradiation and conventional routes. Yarkasuwa et al. (2013) investigated the biodiesel production from
lucky nut (T. peruviana) oil and its biodegradability.
6.4.2 Production of Biodiesel from Chicken Fat
Fayyazi et al. (2015) studied the effect of certain parameters, such as the molar ratio
of alcohol to oil (4:1, 6:1, 8:1) and the concentration of the catalyst (0.75%, 1% and
1.25% (w/w)). The time for the ultrasonic transesterification process was studied in
the percentage conversion of fatty acids to methyl ester (biodiesel) in the time range
from 3 to 9 min. In the conversion from chicken fat to biodiesel, the conversion rate
of the oil into biodiesel first increased and then decreased by increasing the concentration of the catalyst to 1%. As the molar ratio increased from 4:1 to 6:1 and then to
8:1, the conversion rate of biodiesel increased by 21.9% and then 22.8%, respectively. The optimal values are determined using the regression-based response
surface methodology (RSM) and evolutionary-based genetic algorithm (GA). The
production of biodiesel from chicken fat by ultrasonic waves with 7:1 molar ratio of
alcohol to oil, catalyst percentage of 1% w/w and a reaction time of 9 min was
94.8%. For biodiesel produced by ultrasonic irradiation under a percentage conversion condition similar to the conventional method, the reaction time has been
reduced by approximately 87.5%. The reduction in time for the ultrasonic method
makes it superior when compared to the conventional method.
144
S. Sivamani et al.
acid methyl esters) using rhizome of Musa balbisiana Colla as a heterogeneous
catalyst. Santosh and Kumarappa (2015) studied the engine functioning and emission attributes of a four-stroke single-cylinder CI (diesel) engine in dual-fuel mode
using Surahonne (Calophyllum inophyllum) biodiesel, Karavera (T. peruviana) biodiesel and petroleum diesel with CNG. Sarmah and Deka (2019) utilized yellow
bells (T. peruviana) seed oil biodiesel as an improver for cetane and lubricity for
petroleum diesel.
Sreenivas et al. (2018) investigated a non-synthetically enunciated petroleum
diesel engine fuelled with blends of T. peruviana seed oil under eight-mode cycles
of testing. Sut et al. (2016) utilized seeds from oil-rich fodder crop Cascabela
thevetia through a cascade of methods for valuable biofuels and by-products. Suwari
et al. (2017) optimized Soxhlet extraction and analysis of physicochemical properties of crop oil from seed kernel of T. peruviana/Feunkase. Suwari et al. (2018)
extracted and characterized crop oil from seed kernels of Feunkase/T. peruviana as a
precursor for the production of biodiesel production.
Temitayo (2017a) optimized oil extraction from T. peruviana (yellow bells) seeds
using two statistical models. Temitayo (2017b) studied solid mineral, calcium
carbonate (limestone), as an effective catalyst for the production of biodiesel from
yellow bells oil (T. peruviana). Yadav et al. (2016) studied biodiesel production
from Nerium oleander (T. peruviana) oil through ultrasonic irradiation and conventional routes. Yarkasuwa et al. (2013) investigated the biodiesel production from
lucky nut (T. peruviana) oil and its biodegradability.
6.4.2 Production of Biodiesel from Chicken Fat
Fayyazi et al. (2015) studied the effect of certain parameters, such as the molar ratio
of alcohol to oil (4:1, 6:1, 8:1) and the concentration of the catalyst (0.75%, 1% and
1.25% (w/w)). The time for the ultrasonic transesterification process was studied in
the percentage conversion of fatty acids to methyl ester (biodiesel) in the time range
from 3 to 9 min. In the conversion from chicken fat to biodiesel, the conversion rate
of the oil into biodiesel first increased and then decreased by increasing the concentration of the catalyst to 1%. As the molar ratio increased from 4:1 to 6:1 and then to
8:1, the conversion rate of biodiesel increased by 21.9% and then 22.8%, respectively. The optimal values are determined using the regression-based response
surface methodology (RSM) and evolutionary-based genetic algorithm (GA). The
production of biodiesel from chicken fat by ultrasonic waves with 7:1 molar ratio of
alcohol to oil, catalyst percentage of 1% w/w and a reaction time of 9 min was
94.8%. For biodiesel produced by ultrasonic irradiation under a percentage conversion condition similar to the conventional method, the reaction time has been
reduced by approximately 87.5%. The reduction in time for the ultrasonic method
makes it superior when compared to the conventional method.
144
S. Sivamani et al.