6.4 Comprehensive Review on Biodiesel Production
6.4.1 Production of Biodiesel from Pink and Yellow
Oleander Oils
Nerium oleander and T. peruviana are the common species of oleander plants that
belong to the Apocynaceae family. N. oleander is the common plant that is white,
pink or deep red in colour, whereas T. peruviana is yellow in colour. N. oleander is
of origin from Europe and Africa, while T. peruviana originated from tropical
America. Both are studied as toxic plants as they contain a mixture of cardiac
glycosides and grown for ornamental purposes throughout the world (Shaw and
Pearn 1979). Both are featured like a shrub or a tree with dark to grey green leaves.
Seeds are the main sources of oils. Both can be cultivated in a drought land with
minimal water requirement (Bandara et al. 2010).
Sahoo et al. (2009) studied the oil content in seeds and fruits of T. peruviana.
They found that 62.14% (w/w) oil is present in seed kernel, while fruits contain
negligible quantity of oil. Sahoo et al. (2012) investigated the properties of oil
extracted from seed kernel of T. peruviana. Oil contains FFA of 1.35% or AV of
2.70 mg KOH/g oil, kinematic viscosity of 11.3 cSt and density of 0.91 g/cc. Thus,
lesser values of FFA and viscosity lead to the utilization of T. peruviana oil as a
potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Also, saponification value,
unsaponifiables, and iodine value were determined and produced favourable results.
Dhoot et al. (2011) explored the oil extraction from T. peruviana seeds using
different pure and mixed organic solvents and found that chloroform is suitable for
maximum extraction of oil with a yield of 48% (w/w). Nwakaire and Durugu (2013)
determined the physicochemical properties of oil extracted from N. oleander seeds.
The properties were found as follows: 3.92% for FFA, 46.58 mPa.s for dynamic
viscosity, 2
C for cloud point, >200
C for flash point, 1.44% for ash, 0.33% for
moisture content, 8
C for melting point, 0.898 g/cc for density at 15
C, 63.55 for
cetane number and 125.37 kJ/L for heat of combustion. When compared with diesel
as per ASTM standard, the high cetane number makes N. oleander oil suitable for
biodiesel production.
Prabhakar et al. (2015) extracted 10 L of oil from 20 kg of N. oleander seeds
(Table 6.2). Then, after filtration, oil was subjected to transesterification. Dhoot et al.
(2011) performed alkali-catalysed methanolysis to produce biodiesel. Methanol-tooil ratio (MOR) at 6:1, catalyst-to-oil ratio (COR) of 1% (w/w) and 2 h under total
reflux are found to be the optimum conditions to achieve the maximum yield of
biodiesel at 83%. The biodiesel produced were characterized for density at 25
C,
kinematic viscosity at 40
C, cloud point, pour point, flash point, acid value, copper
stripe corrosion and total ester content. The produced biodiesel met with the quality
standards of ASTM D675-02. Yadav et al. (2018) yielded 97.5% biodiesel with a
6:1 molar ratio, 1% (w/w) catalyst percentage and 35 min reaction time through the
hydrodynamic cavitation technique (Table 6.3).
138
S. Sivamani et al.
6.4.1 Production of Biodiesel from Pink and Yellow
Oleander Oils
Nerium oleander and T. peruviana are the common species of oleander plants that
belong to the Apocynaceae family. N. oleander is the common plant that is white,
pink or deep red in colour, whereas T. peruviana is yellow in colour. N. oleander is
of origin from Europe and Africa, while T. peruviana originated from tropical
America. Both are studied as toxic plants as they contain a mixture of cardiac
glycosides and grown for ornamental purposes throughout the world (Shaw and
Pearn 1979). Both are featured like a shrub or a tree with dark to grey green leaves.
Seeds are the main sources of oils. Both can be cultivated in a drought land with
minimal water requirement (Bandara et al. 2010).
Sahoo et al. (2009) studied the oil content in seeds and fruits of T. peruviana.
They found that 62.14% (w/w) oil is present in seed kernel, while fruits contain
negligible quantity of oil. Sahoo et al. (2012) investigated the properties of oil
extracted from seed kernel of T. peruviana. Oil contains FFA of 1.35% or AV of
2.70 mg KOH/g oil, kinematic viscosity of 11.3 cSt and density of 0.91 g/cc. Thus,
lesser values of FFA and viscosity lead to the utilization of T. peruviana oil as a
potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Also, saponification value,
unsaponifiables, and iodine value were determined and produced favourable results.
Dhoot et al. (2011) explored the oil extraction from T. peruviana seeds using
different pure and mixed organic solvents and found that chloroform is suitable for
maximum extraction of oil with a yield of 48% (w/w). Nwakaire and Durugu (2013)
determined the physicochemical properties of oil extracted from N. oleander seeds.
The properties were found as follows: 3.92% for FFA, 46.58 mPa.s for dynamic
viscosity, 2
C for cloud point, >200
C for flash point, 1.44% for ash, 0.33% for
moisture content, 8
C for melting point, 0.898 g/cc for density at 15
C, 63.55 for
cetane number and 125.37 kJ/L for heat of combustion. When compared with diesel
as per ASTM standard, the high cetane number makes N. oleander oil suitable for
biodiesel production.
Prabhakar et al. (2015) extracted 10 L of oil from 20 kg of N. oleander seeds
(Table 6.2). Then, after filtration, oil was subjected to transesterification. Dhoot et al.
(2011) performed alkali-catalysed methanolysis to produce biodiesel. Methanol-tooil ratio (MOR) at 6:1, catalyst-to-oil ratio (COR) of 1% (w/w) and 2 h under total
reflux are found to be the optimum conditions to achieve the maximum yield of
biodiesel at 83%. The biodiesel produced were characterized for density at 25
C,
kinematic viscosity at 40
C, cloud point, pour point, flash point, acid value, copper
stripe corrosion and total ester content. The produced biodiesel met with the quality
standards of ASTM D675-02. Yadav et al. (2018) yielded 97.5% biodiesel with a
6:1 molar ratio, 1% (w/w) catalyst percentage and 35 min reaction time through the
hydrodynamic cavitation technique (Table 6.3).
138
S. Sivamani et al.