catalyst, glycerol and biodiesel; and less consumption of water for biodiesel washing
(Ferreira et al. 2019).
6.3.6 Feed/Reaction Temperature
Reaction temperature is used to study the heat transfer rate and reaction thermodynamics. Reaction or feed temperature should be at the boiling point of alcohol used.
For example, if methanol is used, its boiling point is 65
C. The temperature can be
varied at 65 Æ 3
C. If the temperature is varied beyond this range, then it leads to
reduced reaction conversion and product yield, and prolonged reaction because of
changes in physical and chemical properties of feedstock, and accelerated rate of
saponification and alcohol loss (Mathiyazhagan and Ganapathi 2011).
6.3.7 Reaction Time
Reaction time is used to study the kinetics of reaction. In general, reaction conversion and biodiesel yield increase with increase in reaction time. The reaction progresses at a slower rate initially because of alcohol-oil dispersion and mixing. After
that, the reaction starts to proceed faster. After a certain period of time, equilibrium is
reached and no product forms. The time at which there is no progress in reaction is
called equilibrium time. Sometimes, reaction time greater than equilibrium time
leads to the loss of biodiesel yield and accelerated formation of soap (Mathiyazhagan
and Ganapathi 2011).
6.3.8 Agitation Speed
Agitation speed enhances mass transfer rate and the rate of reaction and maintains
homogeneous environment inside the reactor. In general, lower stirring speed
reduces reaction conversion and product yield, whereas higher stirring speed leads
to the formation of soap because of the reverse behaviour of reaction. In recent years,
ultrasonic and microwave radiations are used in the place of mechanical mixing
(Mathiyazhagan and Ganapathi 2011). Lourinho and Brito (2015) reviewed the
novel developments in advanced biodiesel production technologies. Also, Verma
and Sharma (2016) reviewed various process parameters for the production of
biodiesel from diverse feedstocks. In the next section, an elaborative review on the
production of biodiesel from oleander oils and a concise review on the production of
biodiesel from waste chicken fat were presented.
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
137
(Ferreira et al. 2019).
6.3.6 Feed/Reaction Temperature
Reaction temperature is used to study the heat transfer rate and reaction thermodynamics. Reaction or feed temperature should be at the boiling point of alcohol used.
For example, if methanol is used, its boiling point is 65
C. The temperature can be
varied at 65 Æ 3
C. If the temperature is varied beyond this range, then it leads to
reduced reaction conversion and product yield, and prolonged reaction because of
changes in physical and chemical properties of feedstock, and accelerated rate of
saponification and alcohol loss (Mathiyazhagan and Ganapathi 2011).
6.3.7 Reaction Time
Reaction time is used to study the kinetics of reaction. In general, reaction conversion and biodiesel yield increase with increase in reaction time. The reaction progresses at a slower rate initially because of alcohol-oil dispersion and mixing. After
that, the reaction starts to proceed faster. After a certain period of time, equilibrium is
reached and no product forms. The time at which there is no progress in reaction is
called equilibrium time. Sometimes, reaction time greater than equilibrium time
leads to the loss of biodiesel yield and accelerated formation of soap (Mathiyazhagan
and Ganapathi 2011).
6.3.8 Agitation Speed
Agitation speed enhances mass transfer rate and the rate of reaction and maintains
homogeneous environment inside the reactor. In general, lower stirring speed
reduces reaction conversion and product yield, whereas higher stirring speed leads
to the formation of soap because of the reverse behaviour of reaction. In recent years,
ultrasonic and microwave radiations are used in the place of mechanical mixing
(Mathiyazhagan and Ganapathi 2011). Lourinho and Brito (2015) reviewed the
novel developments in advanced biodiesel production technologies. Also, Verma
and Sharma (2016) reviewed various process parameters for the production of
biodiesel from diverse feedstocks. In the next section, an elaborative review on the
production of biodiesel from oleander oils and a concise review on the production of
biodiesel from waste chicken fat were presented.
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
137