to the Spree/Havel, Lambro and Zenne river sampling sites, had been usable as a
dated archive, the ranking would have been very different. The Cd content in the
CSO core was up to 100 mg kg
À1 [66]. The decontamination of the Lambro, Zenne
and Seine rivers developed around 1960, but the decontamination of the Havel-Spree
did not occur before 1990, after the German reunification. Water quality studies in
the River Elbe since the German reunification in 1990 revealed the improvement
of water quality due to the reduction of industrial wastewater emissions since
1990 [73].
Table 2 Comparisons of metal contaminations in world rivers from highly industrialised countries,
using sedimentary archives at their peak contamination stages
Cd
Hg
Pb
Zn
Basin
area
(km
2
)
Population
(10
6 cap.)
A. Maximum contamination (mg kg
À1
) observed at urban site (year)
Lambro (Milan) (1)
n.d.
n.d.
1,400
(1964)
3,500
(1963)
2,747
4.2
Zenne (Brussels) (1)
15.5
(1974)
700
(1979)
1,300
(1974)
1,160
1.3
Spree/Havel (Berlin) (1)
38
(1990)
2,600
(1986)
12,000
(1990)
10,105
3.5
Seine (Paris) (1)
28
(1960)
450
(1945)
1,150
(1967)
65,000
10
European and US urban
sewage PM (1970–1980) (1)
140
410
3,000
European rivers
background (6)
0.25
0.04
20
90
B. Per capita in French rivers at outlet positions (g
À1 cap
À1 year
À1
)
Seine (2)
3.4
0.6
50
160
75,000
15
Loire (3)
0.5
0.1
10
40
117,800
7.7
Garonne (4)
1.9
n.d.
50
170
56,198
3.25
Rhône (5)
1.5
0.5
100
190
97,800
14
C. Per capita in other basins (g
À1 cap
À1 year
À1
)
Western European rivers
(6) (7)
2.8
0.74
33.7
175
0.53
123
Mississippi (8)
0.58
0.175 30
47.5
3.2
67
Danube (9)
0.6
–
9.5
70
0.8
81
Montreal (10)
0.23
0.05
7.6
64
–
–
(1) [72] Median of 21 analyses, adjusted to Al ¼ 75,000 mg kg
À1
, (2) [25], (3) derived from [16],
(4) derived from [11], (5) derived from [18], (6) derived from [70]. For Montreal: per capita release
into St Lawrence River based on sewer analysis. (7) Elbe, Meuse, Garonne, Rhine, Scheldt and
Seine river basins [70], (8) [5], (9) [77], (10) [78]
n.d. not determined
Sedimentary Archives Reveal the Concealed History of Micropollutant. . .
289
dated archive, the ranking would have been very different. The Cd content in the
CSO core was up to 100 mg kg
À1 [66]. The decontamination of the Lambro, Zenne
and Seine rivers developed around 1960, but the decontamination of the Havel-Spree
did not occur before 1990, after the German reunification. Water quality studies in
the River Elbe since the German reunification in 1990 revealed the improvement
of water quality due to the reduction of industrial wastewater emissions since
1990 [73].
Table 2 Comparisons of metal contaminations in world rivers from highly industrialised countries,
using sedimentary archives at their peak contamination stages
Cd
Hg
Pb
Zn
Basin
area
(km
2
)
Population
(10
6 cap.)
A. Maximum contamination (mg kg
À1
) observed at urban site (year)
Lambro (Milan) (1)
n.d.
n.d.
1,400
(1964)
3,500
(1963)
2,747
4.2
Zenne (Brussels) (1)
15.5
(1974)
700
(1979)
1,300
(1974)
1,160
1.3
Spree/Havel (Berlin) (1)
38
(1990)
2,600
(1986)
12,000
(1990)
10,105
3.5
Seine (Paris) (1)
28
(1960)
450
(1945)
1,150
(1967)
65,000
10
European and US urban
sewage PM (1970–1980) (1)
140
410
3,000
European rivers
background (6)
0.25
0.04
20
90
B. Per capita in French rivers at outlet positions (g
À1 cap
À1 year
À1
)
Seine (2)
3.4
0.6
50
160
75,000
15
Loire (3)
0.5
0.1
10
40
117,800
7.7
Garonne (4)
1.9
n.d.
50
170
56,198
3.25
Rhône (5)
1.5
0.5
100
190
97,800
14
C. Per capita in other basins (g
À1 cap
À1 year
À1
)
Western European rivers
(6) (7)
2.8
0.74
33.7
175
0.53
123
Mississippi (8)
0.58
0.175 30
47.5
3.2
67
Danube (9)
0.6
–
9.5
70
0.8
81
Montreal (10)
0.23
0.05
7.6
64
–
–
(1) [72] Median of 21 analyses, adjusted to Al ¼ 75,000 mg kg
À1
, (2) [25], (3) derived from [16],
(4) derived from [11], (5) derived from [18], (6) derived from [70]. For Montreal: per capita release
into St Lawrence River based on sewer analysis. (7) Elbe, Meuse, Garonne, Rhine, Scheldt and
Seine river basins [70], (8) [5], (9) [77], (10) [78]
n.d. not determined
Sedimentary Archives Reveal the Concealed History of Micropollutant. . .
289