like” activity of
CNPs
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 7
Size: 45 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
+
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 6
Size: 29 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
+16.68
Æ 3.98
24 h
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
EC50: 100 mg/L
Surface oxidation state
%Ce
3+
: 21
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 6 nm
Specific surface area:57 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À27.6 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 73%
Protection in cells:
45%
Anti-apoptotic:
46%
Ce
3+
/Ce
4+
redox
reactions are
responsible for the
outstanding biological properties of
CNPs
Celardo
et al. (2011)
%Ce
3+
:
18
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 10 nm
Specific surface area:58 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À27.2 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 71%
Protection in cells:
32%
Anti-apoptotic:
41%
%Ce
3+
:
10
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 11 nm
Specific surface area:63 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À26.5 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 61%
Protection in cells:
13%
Anti-apoptotic:
22%
%Ce
3+
:
6
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 13 nm
Specific surface area:47 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À25.9 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 37%
Protection in cells:
5%
Anti-apoptotic:
12%
%Ce
3+
: 58
P. subcapitata
Polydispersity index: 0.455
Sphere
Size: 5 nm
OECD
medium
À12.2 Æ 0.64
72 h
Growth
inhibition
1 mg/L CNPs significantly inhibited
cell growth
CNPs with higher
Ce
3+
can efficiently
scavenge radicals
and produce H2O2
which becomes
toxic to cells
Pulidoreyes
et al. (2015)
%Ce
3+
: 40
P. subcapitata
Polydispersity index: 0.589
Sphere
Size: 18 nm
OECD
medium
À21.1 Æ 1.01
72 h
Growth
inhibition
5 mg/L CNPs significantly
inhibited cell
growth
(continued)
Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the. . .
167
CNPs
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 7
Size: 45 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
+
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 6
Size: 29 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
+16.68
Æ 3.98
24 h
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
EC50: 100 mg/L
Surface oxidation state
%Ce
3+
: 21
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 6 nm
Specific surface area:57 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À27.6 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 73%
Protection in cells:
45%
Anti-apoptotic:
46%
Ce
3+
/Ce
4+
redox
reactions are
responsible for the
outstanding biological properties of
CNPs
Celardo
et al. (2011)
%Ce
3+
:
18
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 10 nm
Specific surface area:58 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À27.2 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 71%
Protection in cells:
32%
Anti-apoptotic:
41%
%Ce
3+
:
10
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 11 nm
Specific surface area:63 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À26.5 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 61%
Protection in cells:
13%
Anti-apoptotic:
22%
%Ce
3+
:
6
Leukocyte cell line
Size: 13 nm
Specific surface area:47 m
2
/g
RPMI 1640
medium
À25.9 eV
(pH 7)
72 h
Cell viability,
intracellular reactive oxygen species, superoxide,
and glutathione
200 mg/L protection in vitro: 37%
Protection in cells:
5%
Anti-apoptotic:
12%
%Ce
3+
: 58
P. subcapitata
Polydispersity index: 0.455
Sphere
Size: 5 nm
OECD
medium
À12.2 Æ 0.64
72 h
Growth
inhibition
1 mg/L CNPs significantly inhibited
cell growth
CNPs with higher
Ce
3+
can efficiently
scavenge radicals
and produce H2O2
which becomes
toxic to cells
Pulidoreyes
et al. (2015)
%Ce
3+
: 40
P. subcapitata
Polydispersity index: 0.589
Sphere
Size: 18 nm
OECD
medium
À21.1 Æ 1.01
72 h
Growth
inhibition
5 mg/L CNPs significantly
inhibited cell
growth
(continued)
Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the. . .
167